英語(yǔ)演講的開(kāi)頭
Hello everyone, my name is ??. This is really a great honor to have this opportunity, and I believe I can make good performance today. Now I will introduce myself briefly. I am 20 years old,born in Guangdong province, south of China, and I am a senior student at Guangdong **University. My major is English. And I will receive my bachelor degree after my graduation in June. In the past four years, I spent most of my time on study. I passed CET4 and CET6 with a ease and acquired basic theoretical and practical knowledge of Language. Besides, I have attended several Speech competition held in Beijing, which really showed our professional advantages. I have taken a tour to some big factories and companies, through which I got a deep understanding of English for application. Compared to developed countries, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progresince 1998, our packaging industry is still underdeveloped, messy and unstable, and the situation of employees in the field is awkward. But I have full confidence in its bright future if only our economy can be kept at the growth pace still. I gueyou may be interested in why I choose this job. I would like to tell you that this job is one of my lifelong goals. If I can work here,I will work hard. As to my character, I cannot describe it well, but I know I am optimistic and confident. Sometimes I prefer to stay alone, reading and listening to the music, but I am not lonely, for I like to chat with my classmates about almost everything. My favorite pastime is to play volleyball, to play cards or to surf online. From life at university, I learn how to balance study and entertainment. By the way, I was an actor in our amazing drama club. I have a few glorious memories on stage. That is my pride...
一)確定講題,選擇材料
1.根據(jù)演講活動(dòng)的性質(zhì)與目的來(lái)確立講題
所謂講題,就是演講的中心話題。演講稿的撰寫(xiě)必須在一個(gè)有社會(huì)或科學(xué)價(jià)值、有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義 或?qū)W術(shù)意義的特定問(wèn)題中展開(kāi),否則,將是無(wú)的放矢。
演講者總是根據(jù)演講的性質(zhì)、目的來(lái)確定選題的。若被邀請(qǐng)作學(xué)術(shù)演講,就應(yīng)該介紹自己最 新的研究成果或自己掌握的最新的學(xué)術(shù)信息,這樣的話題才最具學(xué)術(shù)性。如果是在思想教育 性的演講活動(dòng)上作演講,就應(yīng)該針對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)中最新鮮的現(xiàn)象和聽(tīng)眾最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題發(fā)表見(jiàn)解。就 連競(jìng)選演說(shuō)和就職演說(shuō),也要能把握住聽(tīng)眾的理想和愿望來(lái)選題。
2.根據(jù)演講主題與聽(tīng)眾情況來(lái)選擇材料
材料是演講稿的血肉,所以材料的選擇和使用在演講稿的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中是一個(gè)重要的環(huán)節(jié)。
首先要圍繞主題篩選材料。主題是演講稿的思想觀點(diǎn),是演講的宗旨所在。材料是主題形成 的基礎(chǔ),又是表現(xiàn)主題的支柱。演講稿的思想觀點(diǎn)必須靠材料來(lái)支撐,材料必須能充分地表 現(xiàn)主題,有力地支持主題。所以,凡是能充分說(shuō)明、突出、烘托主題的材料就應(yīng)選用,否則 就舍棄,要做到材料與觀點(diǎn)的統(tǒng)一。另外,還要選擇那些新穎的、典型的、真實(shí)的材料,使 主題表現(xiàn)得更深刻、更有力。
其次,材料的選擇還要考慮到聽(tīng)眾的情況。聽(tīng)眾的政治素質(zhì)、社會(huì)地位、文化教養(yǎng),以及心 理需求等,都對(duì)演講有制約作用。因而,選用的材料要盡量貼近聽(tīng)眾的生活,這樣,不僅容 易使他們心領(lǐng)神會(huì),而且聽(tīng)起來(lái)也會(huì)饒有興味。一般而言,對(duì)青少年的演講應(yīng)形象有趣,寓 理于事,舉例要盡量選擇他們所崇拜的人和有轟動(dòng)效應(yīng)的事;對(duì)工人、農(nóng)民的演講,要生動(dòng) 風(fēng)趣、通俗淺顯,盡可能列舉他們周?chē)娜撕桶l(fā)生在他們中間的.事作例子。而對(duì)知識(shí)分子的 演講,使用材料則必須講究文化層次。
(二)精心安排好開(kāi)頭、主體和結(jié)尾
不同類型、不同內(nèi)容的演講稿,其結(jié)構(gòu)方式也各不相同,但結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形態(tài)都是由開(kāi)頭、主 體、結(jié)尾三部分構(gòu)成。各部分的具體要求如下:
1.開(kāi)頭要先聲奪人,富有吸引力
演講稿的開(kāi)頭,也叫開(kāi)場(chǎng)白,它猶如戲劇開(kāi)頭的“鎮(zhèn)潮,在全篇中占據(jù)重要的地位。
開(kāi)頭的方式主要有如下幾種:
?T開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山,亮出主旨。
這種開(kāi)頭不繞彎子,直奔主題,開(kāi)宗明義地提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。如1941年李卜克內(nèi)西《在德國(guó) 國(guó)會(huì)上反對(duì)軍事?lián)芸畹穆暶鳌烽_(kāi)頭就說(shuō):“我投票反對(duì)這項(xiàng)提案,理由如下:”。
?T敘述事實(shí),交代背景
開(kāi)頭向聽(tīng)眾報(bào)告一些新發(fā)生的事實(shí),比較容易引起人們的注意,吸引聽(tīng)眾傾聽(tīng)。如1941年7 月3日斯大林《廣播演說(shuō)》的開(kāi)頭:“希特勒德國(guó)從6月22日向我們祖國(guó)發(fā)動(dòng)的背信棄義的軍 事進(jìn)攻,正在繼續(xù)著。雖然紅軍進(jìn)行了英勇的抵抗,雖然敵人的精銳師團(tuán)和他們的精銳空軍 部隊(duì)已被擊潰,被埋葬在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上,但是敵人又從前線調(diào)來(lái)了生力軍,繼續(xù)向前闖進(jìn)! 們的祖國(guó)面臨著嚴(yán)重的危險(xiǎn)!
?T提出問(wèn)題,發(fā)人深思
通過(guò)提問(wèn),引導(dǎo)聽(tīng)眾思考一個(gè)問(wèn)題,并由此造成一個(gè)懸念,引起聽(tīng)眾欲知答案的期待。如曲 嘯的《人生·理想·追求》就是這樣開(kāi)頭的:“一個(gè)人應(yīng)該怎樣對(duì)待自己青春的時(shí)光呢?我 想在這里同大家談?wù)勎业那闆r!
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