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中國的中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗
中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗是:農(nóng)歷八月十五日，是我國傳統(tǒng)的中秋節(jié)，也稱仲秋節(jié)、團(tuán)圓節(jié)、八月節(jié)等，也是我國僅次于春節(jié)的第二大傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日。我國農(nóng)歷秋季的七、八、九三個(gè)月中，八月十五恰在秋季的中間，故謂之中秋節(jié)。我國古歷法把處在秋季中間的八月，稱謂“仲秋”，所以中秋節(jié)又叫“仲秋節(jié)”。
中秋之夜，月色皎潔，古人把圓月視為團(tuán)圓的象征，民間多于此夜合家團(tuán)聚，故又稱團(tuán)圓節(jié)。
中秋節(jié)，我國漢族和大部分少數(shù)民族的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，也流行于朝鮮、日本和越南等鄰國。中秋節(jié)起源于我國古代秋祀、拜月之俗�！抖Y記》中載有“天子春朝日，秋夕月。朝日以朝，夕月以夕�！边@里的“夕月”就是拜月的意思。兩漢時(shí)已具雛形，唐時(shí)，中秋賞月之俗始盛行，并定為中秋節(jié)。中秋賞月，最盛是宋代。明清以來，民間更重視中秋節(jié)。中秋賞月的風(fēng)俗在唐代極盛，許多詩人的名篇中都有詠月的詩句，古往今來，人們常用“月圓”、“月缺”來形容“悲歡離合”，客居他鄉(xiāng)的游子，更是以月來寄托深情。宋代、明代、清代宮廷和民間的拜月賞月活動(dòng)更具規(guī)模。我國各地至今遺存著許多“拜月壇”、“拜月亭”、“望月樓”的古跡。
吃月餅是節(jié)日的另一習(xí)俗，月餅象征著團(tuán)圓。象葡萄、西瓜等象征著團(tuán)圓的水果也被人們擺上餐桌。
中秋節(jié)起源的另一個(gè)說法是：農(nóng)歷八月十五恰好是莊稼成熟的季節(jié)，中秋可能就是秋報(bào)的遺俗，農(nóng)民為了慶祝豐收，表達(dá)喜悅的心情，就以“中秋”這天作為節(jié)日。
中秋節(jié)與元宵節(jié)和端午節(jié)并稱為我國三大傳統(tǒng)佳節(jié)。究中秋節(jié)之來源，與“嫦娥奔月”、“吳剛伐桂”、“玉兔搗藥”等神話傳說有著密切的關(guān)系。故中秋節(jié)的民間習(xí)俗多與月亮有關(guān)。
中秋節(jié)各地風(fēng)俗 臺(tái)灣中秋節(jié)的風(fēng)俗
首先是祭月和拜月。一般認(rèn)為中秋節(jié)的起源，是源於古代帝王在八月十五祭月的習(xí)俗。後來，民間也漸興此風(fēng)。到了明清時(shí)代，祭月時(shí)的供品，已形成規(guī)模：月餅必須是圓的，瓜果必須切成如蓮花般的牙瓣。街市上還會(huì)出售一種“月光紙”，上面會(huì)有月光、菩薩、宮殿，還有兔形人在月光下?lián)v藥。祭月後，即將此“月光紙”焚燒。祭月的活動(dòng)男士可以參加，但拜月的活動(dòng)男士就不能參加了。所以在臺(tái)灣，“拜月”就成了婦女的專利，當(dāng)婦女們忙著置辦各種拜月的物品時(shí)，小孩子們也趁機(jī)跟著忙活。每值中秋，臺(tái)灣街市上都會(huì)賣一種用來供兒童祭月用的“兔兒爺”�！巴脙籂敗痹从诿髂�，以泥土塑造成兔首人身，坐姿如人形。到了清代，“兔兒爺”的功能轉(zhuǎn)變成了“中秋”的玩具。制作也日趨精致多樣：有武士形，商販形，還有剃頭師和裁縫師形等，其多樣化的造型豐富了兒童過中秋的情趣。
在臺(tái)灣農(nóng)民中，過中秋時(shí)，則要祭拜土地公。此習(xí)俗是要感謝土地公保佑其有豐富的秋收。除了祭祀土地公，農(nóng)民還得在田間插設(shè)“土地公拐杖”，是以竹子夾上土地公金，插在田間。在臺(tái)灣南部，森林茂密，農(nóng)民們?cè)谥星镏�，還有祭拜樹王公的習(xí)慣。
除了拜月、拜土地公、臺(tái)灣民眾在中秋還有拜太陰星君、太陰娘娘的習(xí)慣，皆因太陰星君和太陰娘娘都是中國文化傳統(tǒng)中的月亮之神，既然中秋要拜月，那就少不了要拜月神，以苗栗頭份的太陽宮為例，每年中秋為太陽娘娘祝壽的活動(dòng)就包括奏表拜祭，念經(jīng)祝壽，舉行月光晚會(huì)等。
臺(tái)灣還有一些和女性有關(guān)的中秋民俗，也很有意思。在中秋夜祈求長壽：臺(tái)灣民間相傳，中秋夜睡得越晚越長壽，尤其是少女在中秋夜晚睡，會(huì)使自己的母親長壽。
祈求嫁得如意郎君：相傳未婚少女如果在中秋夜偷得別家菜園中的蔬菜和蔥，就表示她將覓到一位如意郎君。有句民謠：“偷到蔥，嫁好人，偷到菜，嫁好婿”。指的就是這項(xiàng)習(xí)俗。聽到這項(xiàng)習(xí)俗時(shí)，筆者心想生活在城市里的少女去哪偷蔥與菜呢？
祈求孩子：婚后尚未生育的婦女，在中秋晚上，倘能到人家菜園里偷摘到一個(gè)瓜抱回家，來年就會(huì)生個(gè)胖娃娃。
中秋夜深時(shí)，臺(tái)灣婦女往往會(huì)在家中的神像前燒香，表達(dá)了欲問卜的事後，還要請(qǐng)示出門的方向，然後持香出門，一路上聽到談話和歌唱時(shí)，便擲杯問神，直到得到神明的認(rèn)可答案為止。
中秋節(jié)北京風(fēng)俗
八月十三日至十五日為中秋節(jié)，俗呼為八月節(jié)。街市繁盛，果攤泥兔攤所在皆是。十五月圓時(shí)設(shè)月光馬于庭，供以瓜果、月餅、毛豆枝、雞冠花、蘿卜、藕、西瓜等品，唯供月時(shí)男子多不叩拜，諺云：“男不拜月，女不祭灶”。供月畢，家人團(tuán)坐，飲酒賞月，謂之“團(tuán)圓節(jié)”。又將祭月之月餅按人數(shù)切塊分食，謂之“團(tuán)圓餅”。
老北京，中秋要放三天假。十三到十五日，學(xué)生也不上課。而所謂“泥兔攤”，就是賣兔兒爺?shù)摹Ｇ笆�，北京中秋還有兔爺賣�，F(xiàn)在很少見了。似乎只在春節(jié)廟會(huì)上見過。中秋節(jié)祭的就是這只月亮里的兔子。兔爺是泥做的，兔首人身，披甲胄，插護(hù)背旗，臉貼金泥，身施彩繪，或坐或立，或搗杵或騎獸，豎著兩只大耳朵，亦謔亦諧。有曲為證"莫提舊債萬愁刪，忘卻時(shí)光心自閑。瞥眼忽驚佳節(jié)近，滿街掙擺兔兒山".過中秋，家里擺個(gè)兔爺像，確實(shí)很有氣氛。
中秋節(jié)，正值秋果上市，特別豐富�！洞好鞑娠L(fēng)志》里有“中秋臨節(jié)，街市遍設(shè)果攤，雅爾梨（原文）、沙果、白梨、水梨、蘋果、海棠、歐李、鮮棗、葡萄、晚桃，又有帶枝毛豆、果藕、西瓜�！边^去的果子市在前門東，八月十三、四兩日燈火如晝。并有吆喝：“今兒是幾來？十三四來，您不買我這沙果蘋果聞香的果來，哎！二百的四十來”現(xiàn)在，這些秋果街上都買得到。而且相形下，今年的水果多又便宜，正是由猴子變成的人的最美時(shí)刻。美中不足的是蘿卜有點(diǎn)貴，和蘋果一個(gè)價(jià)。難免有老年人痛斥這沒有道理的價(jià)格。值得一提的還有毛豆，過去中秋并不常見，今年在北太平莊副食店的月餅攤前，居然也支起了煮毛豆的大鍋，而且確實(shí)是帶枝的毛豆。習(xí)俗上看，和過去中秋靠近的還有送禮�！爸星铮蠹一ニ投Y節(jié)，賞奴仆錢，鋪戶放帳帖，每節(jié)如此”。北京這兩年似乎又興起了中秋送禮大行動(dòng)。節(jié)前，弄兩輛車，滿滿的裝上月餅果品，挨家挨戶送。當(dāng)然，這里的家和戶是指商家客戶。送禮，自然是為了聯(lián)絡(luò)感情，結(jié)款要生意。兩年前做這事時(shí)還想，現(xiàn)在到底拜的是那里的兔兒爺。今年這風(fēng)氣恐怕更盛了。
現(xiàn)在講究廣式月餅，過去“中秋月餅以前門致美齋者為京都第一，它初不足食也。供月月餅大者尺余，上繪月宮蟾兔之形，有祭畢而食者，有留至除夕而食者，謂之團(tuán)圓餅”。能放半年的，肯定不會(huì)是廣式月餅。 月餅源自民間祭祀，同樣，北京人常吃的點(diǎn)心如果求根溯源百分之七、八十也都出自于民間祭祀或宗教上的供品。從制-作-工-藝上說，油炸、蜜餞和烘烤，都是最好的防腐措施。就連餃子，也是春節(jié)供后的食品。
中國人慶祝中秋節(jié)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣
The Mid-Autumn Festival, dating back thousands of years ago, is celebrated each year on the fifteenth day of the eighth full moon around the time of the autumn equinox.
During the happy occasion, people eat different fresh fruits and nuts as well as mooncakes, thick pastries with various fillings, which resemble the full moon and symbolize happiness and family reunions.
Many folks on the Taiwan island have returned to the mainland for the holiday. For them, traditional local delicacies are a must to give away to friends and family members.
"I'm carrying one of Taiwan's specialties, pineapple tarts. They are made of very fresh pineapple, and you can see the word 'Taiwan' on the box, so as to show the food is from my hometown."
It is estimated that more than 2,000 Taiwan people will fly across the Straits to Fuzhou alone to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival. The city has seen a 30-percent increase in Taiwan visitors during the three-day holiday.
Elsewhere in China, lots of people are taking trips for relaxation. A Ba County in southwestern Sichuan Province, which was struck by a severe earthquake in 2015, has been rebuilt as an ethnic folk culture city. One travel agent says visitors have been flocking into A Ba and other destinations across the province.
"Travelers can enjoy colorful blooming lily flowers in the county. Children can choose to entertain themselves at the newly-opened aquarium where they can watch the exciting dolphin performance."
Meanwhile, villagers from south China’s Guangdong Province are celebrating the festival by burning brick towers.
Each night during the holiday, they build a 3.8-meter-high, cone-shaped brick tower and fill it with straw, hay and wood shavings. Once a fire is lit, villagers poke the burning materials to make the flames spurt out of the tower to honor their ancestral heroes.
"Everyone cheers as the flames rise. The higher the flames, the better luck we will have."
In homes, two full plates of mooncakes, water chestnuts and fruits are placed on the table as sacrificial offerings to the Goddess of the Moon. People also use grapefruit "balls" with lighted joss sticks to pray for peace, safety and family reunions during the entire year.
"Parents of my age have almost forgotten the customs like lighting joss-stick balls and offering sacrifices to the God of Moon. Thanks to this activity, we have got to know these traditions again."
Compatriots living overseas, however, may miss the festive fun this year as more countries including Germany, France, the Philippines and Sudan have refused to allow Chinese mooncakes to be sent through the mail.
Officials say the ban on mooncakes is due to different food inspection standards. For example, Europe's standards for aflatoxins, toxins produced by a mold that grows in nuts, seeds and legumes, are higher than China's.
For CRI, this is Wei Tong.
From:
詞匯講解：
1. occasion n. 時(shí)刻, 時(shí)候
例句：This is a gala occasion.
這是一個(gè)歡樂的時(shí)刻。
2. resemble vt. 看起來像；顯得像；像
例句：My brother resembles me in looks.
我弟弟和我長得很像。
3. symbolize n. 象征;作為…的象征
例句：What does this strange mark symbolize?
這個(gè)奇怪的符號(hào)象征什么?
4. reunion n. 相聚；團(tuán)圓
例句：We have a family reunion every New Year's Day.
每年元旦我們都合家團(tuán)聚。
5. delicacy n. 精美的食物
例句：Smoked herring is a local delicacy.
煙熏鯡魚是當(dāng)?shù)匾环N美味食品。
6. flock vi. 群集, 成群結(jié)隊(duì)而行
例句：People flocked to hear the new prophet.
人們成群結(jié)隊(duì)地去聽這新的預(yù)言家演講。
7. entertain vt. 使歡樂, 使娛樂
例句：A circus show entertains children.
馬戲表演使孩子們興高采烈。
8. poke vt. 把...戳(或插)向,把...指(或伸)向
例句：He poked a stake into the earth.
他把一根樁子插進(jìn)地里。
9. sacrifice n. 祭品
例句：They killed a sheep as a sacrifice.
他們?cè)琢艘恢谎蜃鳛榧榔贰?/p>
10. compatriot n. 同胞,同國人
例句：He believes that he and his compatriot student are the future leader.
他相信他和他同國的學(xué)生是未來的領(lǐng)袖。
短語講解：
1. The Mid-Autumn Festival, dating back thousands of years ago, is celebrated each year on the fifteenth day of the eighth full moon around the time of the autumn equinox.
date back回溯至
例句：Oxford and Cambridge date back to the thirteenth century.
牛津和劍橋的歷史可追溯到十三世紀(jì)。
2. Many folks on the Taiwan island have returned to the mainland for the holiday.
return to返回到…
例句：Exiles long to return to their native land.
流-亡者們渴望回到自己的祖國。
3. For them, traditional local delicacies are a must to give away to friends and family members. give away贈(zèng)送; 贈(zèng)予; 頒發(fā);分發(fā)
例句：He gave away most of his fortune to the poor.
他把他的大部分財(cái)產(chǎn)都送給了窮人。
4. They are made of very fresh pineapple, and you can see the word 'Taiwan' on the box, so as to show the food is from my hometown.
be made of用…造成
例句：The table is made of wood. 桌子是木制的。
5. Each night during the holiday, they build a 3.8-meter-high, cone-shaped brick tower and fill it with straw, hay and wood shavings.
fill with (使)充〔擠〕滿
例句：The sky filled with stars. 滿天星斗。
6. Once a fire is lit, villagers poke the burning materials to make the flames spurt out of the tower to honor their ancestral heroes.
spurt out噴出
例句：Water spurted out of the hole.
水從小孔中噴出來。
7. People also use grapefruit "balls" with lighted joss sticks to pray for peace, safety and family reunions during the entire year.
pray for為求得…而祈禱; 為…而祈禱, 禱告
例句：I'm praying for Mother to get better.
我正在為母親的康復(fù)而祈禱。
8. Thanks to this activity, we have got to know these traditions again.
thanks to幸虧, 多虧, 由于
例句：Thanks to you, I was saved from drowning.
幸虧你, 我才沒有淹死。
9. Officials say the ban on mooncakes is due to different food inspection standards. For example, Europe's standards for aflatoxins, toxins produced by a mold that grows in nuts, seeds and legumes, are higher than China's.
due to由于，因?yàn)?/p>
例句：Her absence is due to illness.
她因病缺席。
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