- 相關(guān)推薦
戴煒棟語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋
1、能指：語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的物質(zhì)實(shí)體，能夠指稱某種意義的成分。
2、結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)：由索緒爾創(chuàng)立的語(yǔ)言學(xué)，它主要研究語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)本身的內(nèi)在規(guī)律。我國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)界常說(shuō)的“結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)義語(yǔ)言學(xué)”“結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)法”等名詞往往指美國(guó)結(jié)構(gòu)主義描寫語(yǔ)言學(xué)，它只是當(dāng)代接結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一個(gè)流派，并不等于受索緒爾影響的整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)主義語(yǔ)言學(xué)。
3、音位變體：音位是從社會(huì)功能角度劃分出來(lái)的特定語(yǔ)言或方言中具有區(qū)別意義作用的最小語(yǔ)音單位，同屬于一個(gè)音位的不同因素叫做“音位變體”，音位變體又可分為條件變體和自由變體。例如漢語(yǔ)普通話/a/的音位變體【a】等。
4、元輔音分析法：就是一元輔音為基本分析單位的一種音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，將音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)分為V、C-V、V-C、C-V-C四種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)類型。
5、定位語(yǔ)素：指在最小的合稱結(jié)構(gòu)（詞結(jié)構(gòu)或詞組結(jié)構(gòu)）中的位置總是固定的，或者總前置，或者總后置的語(yǔ)素。例如現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)的“第”總是前置，“者”總是后置，它們都是定位語(yǔ)素。
6、變性成詞：指語(yǔ)素轉(zhuǎn)變?cè)~性而成為另一類詞。即某些成語(yǔ)素在語(yǔ)法功能上本來(lái)只是單一性的，但在形成詞的時(shí)候，卻同時(shí)形成了兩種詞性的詞。
7、外圍語(yǔ)法：又叫大語(yǔ)法，主要研究與語(yǔ)法有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)知識(shí)、語(yǔ)義知識(shí)和語(yǔ)音知識(shí)。
8、向心詞組：指整個(gè)詞組的功能相當(dāng)于詞組的中心語(yǔ)功能的詞組，包括偏正結(jié)構(gòu)的詞組、動(dòng)賓詞組、動(dòng)補(bǔ)詞組和聯(lián)合詞組。
9、語(yǔ)義場(chǎng)：在詞義上具有類屬關(guān)系的詞語(yǔ)集合在一起所形成的一個(gè)聚合體。
10、變?cè)鹤冊(cè)址Q“題元”“項(xiàng)”等，是與謂詞有直接語(yǔ)義關(guān)系并受謂詞支配的語(yǔ)義成分。變?cè)话愣际敲~性的詞語(yǔ)，在句子中經(jīng)常充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如“他給我一支筆”中“我”和“一支筆”就是謂詞“給”的變?cè)弧靶±钭吡恕敝小靶±睢本褪侵^詞“走”的變?cè)?/p>
11、理性意義：也叫邏輯意義或稱意義，是對(duì)主客觀世界的認(rèn)識(shí)。在詞語(yǔ)平面上，它是與概念相聯(lián)系的那部分意義；在句子平面上，它是與判斷和推理相聯(lián)系的那部分意義。
12、自源文字：不依傍其他文字而獨(dú)立創(chuàng)在出來(lái)的文字。漢子、古埃及文字、蘇美爾文字、瑪雅文字都屬于自源文字。
13、音位文字：全部字符都只是跟語(yǔ)言單位中的音位相聯(lián)系的文字的音位文字。音位文字可分為“輔音音位文字”和“全音位文字”。全音位文字常常也簡(jiǎn)稱音位文字。例如，古腓尼基文字就是只表示輔音音位的輔音音位文字；古希臘文字既有表示輔音的字符，又表示元音的字符，是全音位文字。
14、語(yǔ)系：是根據(jù)語(yǔ)言間有無(wú)歷史同源關(guān)系（親屬關(guān)系）劃分出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言類別，是語(yǔ)言譜系分類中最大的類。凡是有歷史同源關(guān)系的語(yǔ)言都屬于同一個(gè)語(yǔ)系。例如，漢語(yǔ)與藏語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、苗語(yǔ)、瑤語(yǔ)有歷史同源關(guān)系，都屬于漢藏語(yǔ)系；英語(yǔ)與德語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)有歷史同源關(guān)系，都屬于印歐語(yǔ)系。
15、語(yǔ)音對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系：是指方言之間或親屬語(yǔ)言之間所具有的、有規(guī)律而非個(gè)別的語(yǔ)音之間相互對(duì)應(yīng)的關(guān)系。
16、語(yǔ)言遺傳機(jī)制：又稱“語(yǔ)言獲得機(jī)制”，是美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家喬姆斯基最早提出的，指人出生時(shí)大腦的構(gòu)造就已經(jīng)決定的、通過(guò)生物進(jìn)化和遺傳獲得的知識(shí)。這種知識(shí)主要指語(yǔ)類、層次等最基本的句法原則。如人們說(shuō)話都需使用句子，句子的基本構(gòu)造形式“名詞短語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)”，就屬于這類知識(shí)。
17、大腦單側(cè)化：人的大腦左右兩個(gè)半球并不完全對(duì)稱，大小有區(qū)別，有明確分工，左半球的一定部位掌握語(yǔ)言和抽象思維活動(dòng)，右半球的一定部位掌握與語(yǔ)言無(wú)關(guān)的直觀動(dòng)作的思維活動(dòng)。
18、應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)：是研究語(yǔ)言學(xué)應(yīng)用問(wèn)題的語(yǔ)言學(xué)分支學(xué)科。有廣義和狹義之分。廣義的應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)包括面向人的和面向機(jī)器的語(yǔ)言學(xué)應(yīng)用研究，如語(yǔ)言信息處理研究。狹義的應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)僅指語(yǔ)言教學(xué)研究。
19、語(yǔ)言遷移現(xiàn)象：在外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，作為來(lái)源語(yǔ)的母語(yǔ)會(huì)最為目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的外語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生影響，這就是語(yǔ)言遷移現(xiàn)象，其中積極的影響叫“正遷移”，消極的影響叫“負(fù)遷移”。例如學(xué)英語(yǔ)是受漢語(yǔ)影響而不注意動(dòng)詞的變化。
10、中介語(yǔ)：中介語(yǔ)是外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者在外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中建立的一種既不同于母語(yǔ)又不同于所學(xué)外語(yǔ)系統(tǒng)。中介語(yǔ)是不斷的從母語(yǔ)向外語(yǔ)靠近的語(yǔ)言方式，在學(xué)習(xí)初期發(fā)展較快，越到后期發(fā)展越慢。中介語(yǔ)是只屬于個(gè)人的語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)。
語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋2017-04-09 06:53 | #2樓
Chapter 6: Pragmatics The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication. The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05) features. particular context. (03). believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05) (06F) Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable. The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology. The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F) change brought about by the utterance.
《戴煒棟語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋》全文內(nèi)容當(dāng)前網(wǎng)頁(yè)未完全顯示，剩余內(nèi)容請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)下一頁(yè)查看。
1. historical linguistics: A subfield of linguistics that study language change.
2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03) 3. blending: A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words. 5. borrowing: When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words. 6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation. 7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes. 8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.
Chapter 8: Language And Society variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05) speakers. A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)
participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. communication is carried out. on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language. relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen. speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis. in this daily life. role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C) a speech community, each having a definite role to play.
Chapter 9: Language And Culture The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community. A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)
《戴煒棟語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋》全文內(nèi)容當(dāng)前網(wǎng)頁(yè)未完全顯示，剩余內(nèi)容請(qǐng)?jiān)L問(wèn)下一頁(yè)查看。
The image of a word invoked to people.
Chapter 10: Language Acquisition It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language. (03) A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and si-mp-ler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05) Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.
Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.
which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country. A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions. in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language. levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc. language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association. The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable. This internal interference is called cross-association. second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language. mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.
Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly aware
of their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning. the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc. motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive. the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C) the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05) the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F) pleasure from learning. learning strategies are learners’ conscious goal-oriented and
problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F) the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning. the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.
【戴煒棟語(yǔ)言學(xué)名詞解釋】相關(guān)文章：
語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論名詞解釋精選09-23
語(yǔ)言學(xué)中的名詞解釋總結(jié)09-23
賀煒經(jīng)典語(yǔ)錄12-04
賀煒的語(yǔ)錄35句07-02
賀煒的語(yǔ)錄30條10-09
賀煒的語(yǔ)錄36條08-26
賀煒的語(yǔ)錄39條09-30
賀煒的語(yǔ)錄38條08-23