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2016年12月大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考前模擬試題
2016年12月份的英語四級(jí)考試快到來了，同學(xué)們有沒有做好充足的準(zhǔn)備呢?下面是yjbys網(wǎng)小編提供給大家關(guān)于大學(xué)英語四級(jí)考前模擬試題，希望對(duì)大家的備考有所幫助。
Part I Writing(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Choosing an Occupation. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
1. 選擇職業(yè)是一個(gè)人要面對(duì)的眾多難題之一。
2. 需要花時(shí)間去選擇職業(yè)。
3. 選擇職業(yè)時(shí)可以向多人尋求建議和幫助。
Choosing an Occupation
【寫作思路】
本文是一篇關(guān)于擇業(yè)的議論文。短文需要說明慎重?fù)駱I(yè)相當(dāng)重要，并提出多種指導(dǎo)擇業(yè)的方法。
【參考范文】Choosing an Occupation
One of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem.
Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job.
Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)(15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.For questions 1-7,choose the best answer from the four choices marked[A],[B],[C]and [D]. For questions 8-10,complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Will We Run Out of Water?
Picture a “ghost ship” sinking into the sand, left to rot on dry land by a receding sea. Then imagine dust storms sweeping up toxic pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the dry seabed and spewing them across towns and villages.
Seem like a scene from a movie about the end of the world? For people living near the Aral Sea in Central Asia, it’s all too real. Thirty years ago, government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate (provide water for)farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size, stranding ships on dry land. The seawater has tripled in salt content and become polluted, killing all 24 native species of fish.
Similar large-scale efforts to redirect water in other parts of the world have also ended in ecological crisis, according to numerous environmental groups. But many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix. Why? People in many parts of the world are desperate for water, and more people will need more water in the next century.
“Growing populations will worsen problems with water,” says Peter H. Gleick, an environmental scientist at the Pacific Institute for studies in Development, Environment, and Security, a research organization in California. He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one-third of the world’s projected 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages.
Where Water Goes
Only 2.5 percent of all water on Earth is freshwater, water suitable for drinking and growing food, says Sandra Postel, director of the Global Water Policy Project in Amherst, Mass. Two?thirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers and ice caps. In fact, only a tiny percentage of freshwater is part of the water cycle, in which water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then condenses and falls back to Earth as precipitation(rain or snow).
Some precipitation runs off land to lakes and oceans, and some becomes groundwater, water that seeps into the earth. Much of this renewable freshwater ends up in remote places like the Amazon river basin in Brazil, where few people live. In fact, the world’s population has access to only 12,500 cubic kilometers of freshwater—about the amount of water in Lake Superior. And people use half of this amount already. “If water demand continues to climb rapidly,” says Postel, “there will be severe shortages and damage to the aquatic environment.”
Close to Home
Water woes may seem remote to people living in rich countries like the United States. But Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater. Groundwater accumulates in aquifers, layers of sand and gravel that lie between soil and bedrock. (For every liter of surface water, more than 90 liters are hidden underground.)Although the United States has large aquifers, farmers, ranchers, and cities are tapping many of them for water faster than nature can replenish it. In northwest Texas, for example, over pumping has shrunk groundwater supplies by 25 percent, according to Postel.
Americans may face even more urgent problems from pollution. Drinking water in the United States is generally safe and meets high standards. Nevertheless, one in five Americans every day unknowingly drinks tap water contaminated with bacteria and chemical wastes, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. In Milwaukee, 400,000 people fell ill in 1993 after drinking tap water tainted with cryptosporidium, a microbe that causes fever, diarrhea and vomiting.
The Source
Where do contaminants come from? In developing countries, people dump raw sewage into the same streams and rivers from which they draw water for drinking and cooking; about 250 million people a year get sick from water borne diseases.
In developed countries, manufacturers use 100,000 chemical compounds to make a wide range of products. Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes. (Certain compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs, have been banned in the United States.)
But almost everyone contributes to water pollution. People often pour household cleaners, car antifreeze, and paint thinners down the drain; all of these contain hazardous chemicals. Scientists studying water in the San Francisco Bay reported in 1996 that 70 percent of the pollutants could be traced to household waste.
Farmers have been criticized for overusing herbicides and pesticides, chemicals that kill weeds and insects but that pollute water as well. Farmers also use nitrates, nitrogen?rich fertilizer that help plants grow but that can wreak havoc on the environment. Nitrates are swept away by surface runoff to lakes and seas. Too many nitrates “over enrich” these bodies of water, encouraging the buildup of algae, or microscopic plants that live on the surface of the water. Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water.
What’s the Solution?
Water expert Gleick advocates conservation and local solutions to water-related problems; governments, for instance, would be better off building small-scale dams rather than huge and disruptive projects like the one that ruined the Aral Sea.
“More than 1 billion people worldwide don’t have access to basic clean drinking water,” says Gleick. “There has to be a strong push on the part of everyone—governments and ordinary people—to make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life.”
1.What caused the Aral Sea to shrink?
[A]The rivers flowing into it have been diverted.
[B]Farmers used its water to irrigate their farmland.
[C]Government planners over?pumped its water.
[D]High temperature made its water badly evaporate.
2.The construction of massive dams and irrigation projects .
[A]does more good than harm
[B]solves more problems than what they created
[C]does more harm than good
[D]brings more water to people than expected
3.The chief causes of water shortage include .
[A]population growth and water waste
[B]water pollution and dry weather
[C]water waste and pollution
[D]population growth and water pollution
4.Americans could suffer from greatly serious water shortages?
[A]living in rich areas
[B]living in big cities but poor condition
[C]depending on groundwater
[D]bearing high standards of safe drinking water in mind
5.What is the main pollutant in developed countries?
[A]Untreated toxic chemicals from manufacturers.
[B]Raw sewage into rivers and streams.
[C]Herbicides and pesticides used by farmers.
[D]Household cleaners poured down the drain.
6.How does algae make threats to life of a body of water?
[A]By covering the whole surface of the water.
[B]By competitively using oxygen life in water needs.
[C]By living more rapidly than other life in water .
[D]By releasing hazardous chemicals into water.
7.According to Gleick, who should be responsible for solving water-related problems?
[A]government and housewives.
[B]farmers and manufacturers.
[C]ordinary people and manufacturers.
[D]government and every person.
8. According to Peter H. Gleick, by the year 2025, as many as of the world’s people will suffer from water shortages.
9.Two thirds of the freshwater on Earth is locked in .
10.In developed countries, before toxic chemicals are released into rivers and lakes, they should be treated in order to avoid .
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【全文翻譯】
我們會(huì)陷入水資源枯竭的困境嗎?
想象一只“幽靈船”沉入了沙土中，任其留在干旱的沙土中腐爛掉。再想象沙塵暴從干旱的海床上席卷起有毒的殺蟲劑和化肥，呼嘯著穿過城鎮(zhèn)和村莊。
看起來像關(guān)于世界末日的電影中的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景?對(duì)于居住在中亞咸海附近的居民而言，這一切都是真實(shí)的。30年前，為了灌溉(提供水)農(nóng)田，政府部門的規(guī)劃專家們改道了引水入海的河流。結(jié)果，咸�？s小為原來的一半，船只也擱淺在干旱的沙土上。海水受到污染，其鹽含量增到了三倍，導(dǎo)致24種土生土長(zhǎng)的魚類滅絕。
根據(jù)眾多環(huán)保組織的調(diào)查，世界其他地方與此類似的大規(guī)模的改道努力也是以生態(tài)危機(jī)而告終的。盡管建造大壩和灌溉系統(tǒng)創(chuàng)造的問題要比它們解決的問題多，但是許多國家仍然繼續(xù)這樣的項(xiàng)目。為什么呢?世界許多地方的人都非常需要水;而且，隨著人口的增長(zhǎng)，下個(gè)世紀(jì)將有更多的人需要更多的水。
來自于太平洋發(fā)展、環(huán)境和安全研究所(the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security)的環(huán)境科學(xué)家Peter H. Gleick說，“不斷增長(zhǎng)的人口將會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化缺水問題”。該研究所是位于加利福尼亞的一個(gè)研究機(jī)構(gòu)。他擔(dān)心，到2025年，在83億世界預(yù)計(jì)人口中，將有三分之一的人口面臨缺水問題。
水去了哪里?
來自位于馬塞諸塞州阿默斯特的全球水政策項(xiàng)目的Sandra Postel主任認(rèn)為，地球上只有2.5%的水是適合飲用和種植食物的淡水，其中的三分之一屬于冰川和冰蓋。事實(shí)上，只有極小比例的淡水是水循環(huán)的一部分。在水循環(huán)中，水蒸發(fā)后上升到大氣中，然后凝結(jié)并以降水的形式(雨或雪)回落到地球上。
一些降水流經(jīng)陸地進(jìn)入湖泊和海洋，另一些滲入地球變成地下水。大部分這樣的再生淡水最后積聚在諸如巴西亞馬遜河流域這樣很少有人居住的偏遠(yuǎn)地方。事實(shí)上，世界人口能獲得的淡水僅有12，500立方千米——相當(dāng)于Superior湖的湖水量，其一半已為人類所使用。Postel 說，“如果水的需求量不斷快速攀升，水資源將嚴(yán)重短缺，水環(huán)境將受到極大破壞。”
問題就在家門口
對(duì)于生活在像美國這樣富裕國家的人來說，水危機(jī)似乎很遙遠(yuǎn)。但是美國人可能面臨嚴(yán)重的缺水問題，尤其是那些依賴地下水的區(qū)域。地下水儲(chǔ)存于地下含水層和位于泥土和巖床之間的沙石層中。(地球上的地表水與地下水的水量之比大約為1∶90。) 雖然美國富有含水層，農(nóng)民、農(nóng)場(chǎng)主和城市居民的用水速度超過了自然界水資源的再生速度。例如，根據(jù)Postel的調(diào)查，在西北部的得克薩斯州，超量的抽取使得地下水供應(yīng)減少了25%。
美國人可能會(huì)面臨更緊迫的污染問題。在美國，飲用水普遍安全，符合高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。不過，據(jù)環(huán)境保護(hù)署的調(diào)查，每天有五分之一的.美國人在不知不覺中飲用受到細(xì)菌和化學(xué)廢物污染的自來水。1993年，密爾沃基有40萬人因飲用受到隱孢子蟲污染的自來水而患病。隱孢子蟲是一種可引起高燒、腹瀉和嘔吐的微生物。
污染源
這些污染物從何而來呢?在發(fā)展中國家，人們把污水倒入他們從中獲取飲用和烹飪水的同一小溪和河流中，每年大約有250萬人感染水傳播疾病。
在發(fā)達(dá)國家，制造商使用100,000種化合物來制造更多種類的產(chǎn)品。未經(jīng)處理就被釋放入河流和湖泊中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)使水受到污染。(某些化合物，如多氯聯(lián)苯，即PCBs，在美國已被禁用。)
但是，水污染幾乎與每個(gè)人都有關(guān)。人們常常將清潔用品、汽車防凍劑、油漆稀釋劑倒入下水道中，而所有這些用品都含有有害的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。1996年，科學(xué)家們對(duì)舊金山海灣的水進(jìn)行了研究，他們說，百分之七十的污染物可以追溯到家居廢物。
除草劑和殺蟲劑既可以殺死雜草和昆蟲，也會(huì)污染水源，因此農(nóng)民們一直因過量使用除草劑和殺蟲劑而備受批評(píng)。農(nóng)民們還使用可以促進(jìn)植物生長(zhǎng)的硝酸鹽和富含氮的化肥，但是它們也會(huì)嚴(yán)重破壞環(huán)境。硝酸鹽類物質(zhì)會(huì)被地表徑流沖刷入湖泊和海洋之中。過多的硝酸鹽使得水域“超級(jí)富有”，從而造成水藻或水面微小植物的大量繁殖。藻類剝奪了魚生存所必需的氧氣，有時(shí)候會(huì)令整個(gè)水域中的生命窒息而亡。
解決的方法是什么呢?
水資源專家Gleick提倡保護(hù)水資源，通過因地制宜的方法來解決與水相關(guān)的問題。例如，政府最好建筑小規(guī)模的水壩，而不是像毀掉咸海那樣具有破壞性的大水壩。
“全世界有超過10億的人口缺乏基本的清潔飲用水，”Gleick說，“每個(gè)人——政府人員和普通人——都要付諸努力，確保我們有一個(gè)最基本的生活源泉。”
【答案解析】
1.【解析】[A]屬細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干的意思，是什么原因造成咸海海水量的減少呢?本文的第二段提到了咸海的具體情況。所以根據(jù)題干中的核心詞“Aral Sea”，并結(jié)合第二段的具體內(nèi)容，可以將答案定位在該段的第二、三句話“...government planners diverted the rivers that flow into the sea in order to irrigate(provide water for)farmland. As a result, the sea has shrunk to half its original size,...”，這與A“The rivers flowing into it have been diverted”表示的“流入其的河流被改道”的意思相吻合。所以正確答案是A項(xiàng)。答案B和C均屬于斷章取義，偷換了句子中的部分內(nèi)容，是迷惑項(xiàng)。答案D的內(nèi)容按照常理來說，具有一定正確性，但文章并未提及，也是干擾項(xiàng)。
2.【解析】[C]屬同義轉(zhuǎn)換題。題干要求回答有關(guān)大壩建設(shè)和灌溉工程的情況，其中的“massive dams and irrigation”是核心詞，定位于文章第三段。該段中的第二句話“...many countries continue to build massive dams and irrigation systems, even though such projects can create more problems than they fix”。這與C項(xiàng)意思“壞處多于好處”一致。所以正確答案是C。答案A和B的意思與原文相反;答案D在文中未提及，屬于故意干擾項(xiàng)。
3.【解析】[D]屬段落大意理解題。對(duì)于此類主旨大意題，可以先看題支中各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別和聯(lián)系，然后結(jié)合自己對(duì)文章的理解來予以選擇或者排除。本題要求回答缺水的主要原因是什么。對(duì)比四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，其中共有四種情況的不同組合：人口增長(zhǎng)、水資源污染、水資源浪費(fèi)和氣候干燥。其中的“人口增長(zhǎng)”在第三段結(jié)尾和第四段開頭“Growing population will worsen problems with water”中提到過，屬于缺水的主要原因之一;“水資源污染”在小標(biāo)題“the source”下面分別從發(fā)展中國家、發(fā)達(dá)國家、個(gè)人和農(nóng)民的角度作出重要說明，也是造成缺水的主要原因之一;“水資源浪費(fèi)和氣候干燥”在文中均未提及，所以正確答案是D。
4.【解析】[C]屬同義轉(zhuǎn)換題。根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞“Americans”，可以定位在小標(biāo)題“Close to home”下第一段的第二句話，“Americans could face serious water shortages, too especially in areas that rely on groundwater”，表明美國人，特別是依賴地下水的居民可能面臨缺水問題，這與答案C的“depending on groundwater”意思一致，屬于同義轉(zhuǎn)換，所以答案選C。答案A、B、D都是文章中與題干內(nèi)容相關(guān)的某句話的斷章取義，屬于干擾項(xiàng)。
5.【解析】[A]屬細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞“pollutant”，可以將答案定位在小標(biāo)題“The sources”之下，再根據(jù)“in developed countries”，可以定位于第二段前兩句“In developed countries, ... Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes”。這與A“untreated toxic chemicals from manufacturers”完全吻合，所以答案是A。B是發(fā)展中國家水污染的主要來源，C和D分別說明的是農(nóng)民和個(gè)人對(duì)水資源造成的污染，屬于干擾項(xiàng)。
6.【解析】[B]屬細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。題干中的algae是關(guān)鍵詞，將答案直接定位于小標(biāo)題“The source”之下最后一段的最后一句，“Algae deprive the water of oxygen that fish need to survive, at times choking off life in an entire body of water”，這與B“與水域中的生物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)氧氣”相吻合，所以答案選B項(xiàng)。答案A是對(duì)文中部分內(nèi)容的改寫，與答案無關(guān);C和D在文中均未提及。
7.【解析】[D]屬細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。題干中的“Gleick”和“solving water?related problems”是關(guān)鍵詞，將答案定位在小標(biāo)題“What’s the solution”之下最后一段的最后一句，“...says Gleick. ‘There has to be a strong push on the part of everyone—governments and ordinary people—to make sure we have a resource so fundamental to life’”，這與D“government and every person”意思一致，所以答案選D項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)意思與文章不符。
8.【解析】one-third 解題依據(jù)為第四段最后一句話：He fears that by the year 2025, as many as one-third of the world’s projected 8.3 billion people will suffer from water shortages
9.【解析】glaciers and ice caps 解題依據(jù)為第五段第二句話：Two?thirds of this freshwater is locked in glaciers and ice caps
10.【解析】water pollution 解題依據(jù)為第十段第二句話：Toxic chemicals pollute water when released untreated into rivers and lakes.
Part ⅣReading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)(25 minutes)
Section A
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Shopping habits in the United States have changed greatly in the last quarter of the 20th century. Early in the 1900s most American towns and cities had a Main Street. Main Street was always the 47 of a town. This street was lined on the both sides with many 48 businesses. Here, shoppers walked into stores to look at all sorts of merchandise: clothing, furniture, hardware, groceries. In addition, some shops offered 49 . There shops included drugstores, restaurants, shoe repair stores, and barber or hairdressing shops. But in the 1950s, a change began to 50 place. Too many automobiles had crowded into Main Street while too few parking places were 51 to shoppers. Because the streets were crowded, merchants began to look with interest at the open spaces outside the city limits. Open space is what their car driving customers 52 . And open space is what they got when the first shopping centre was built. Shopping centers, or rather malls, 53 as a collection of small new stores away from crowded city centers. Attracted by hundreds of free parking space, customers were drawn away from 54 areas to outlying malls. And the growing 55 of shopping centers led in turn to the building of bigger and better stocked stores. By the late 1970s, many shopping malls had almost developed into small cities themselves. In addition to providing the 56 of the stop shopping, malls were transformed into landscaped parks, with benches, fountains, and outdoor entertainment.
[A]designed[F]convenience[K]cosmetics
[B]take[G]services[L]started
[C]heart[H]fame[M]downtown
[D]needed[I]various[N]available
[E]though[J]popularity[O]cheapness
Section A
【全文翻譯】
在20世紀(jì)最后四分之一期間，美國的購物習(xí)慣發(fā)生了重大變化。20世紀(jì)初期，美國大部分的城市和城鎮(zhèn)都有一個(gè)往往作為城鎮(zhèn)中心的主要街道。街道兩旁排列著許多各種各樣的商店。在這里，顧客們步入商店，搜尋各種各樣的商品：衣服、家具、五金和雜貨。另外，有些商店還提供服務(wù)。這里的商店有藥店、餐館、修鞋店和理發(fā)店。但是，二十世紀(jì)五十年代開始出現(xiàn)了一種變化：主街道涌入了太多的汽車，卻沒有顧客停車的地方。由于街道變得擁擠不堪，商人們便開始格外注意城市界限之外的開闊地。開闊地是駕車的顧客所需要的，也是商人們建設(shè)首個(gè)購物中心時(shí)所考慮的。購物中心，或者說是購物商場(chǎng)，開始在擁擠的城市中心之外建起許多小型的新商店。受許多免費(fèi)停車場(chǎng)的吸引，顧客們被從市區(qū)吸引到郊區(qū)的購物商場(chǎng)。購物中心變得越來越流行，轉(zhuǎn)而建立起更大更好的商店。二十世紀(jì)七十年代后期，許多購物中心幾乎發(fā)展成了小城市。除了提供停車購物的便利之外，購物中心也變成了景觀公園，擁有坐椅、噴泉和戶外娛樂設(shè)施。
【答案解析】
47.【解析】[C]本句意為主大街通常是一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的中心。根據(jù)下文停車?yán)щy也可知應(yīng)該為“中心”heart。
48.【解析】[I]這條街道排成一列，街道兩邊都是各式各樣的商店。various 意為“不同的、各種各樣的”。
49.【解析】[G]另外，一些商店還提供服務(wù)。提供服務(wù)可用固定的搭配 offer services。
50.【解析】[B]所填詞只有take 才能與后面的詞place搭配，take place 為固定詞組，意為“發(fā)生”。But in the 1950s, a change began to take place 意為20世紀(jì)50年代開始發(fā)生變化。
51.【解析】[N]主街道充斥著太多的汽車，卻沒有地方給顧客停車。available 意為“可用到的、可利用的”，這里指沒有可用的地方給顧客停車。
52?【解析】[D]本句意為空曠的空間是開車的顧客所需要的，故用needed。
53.【解析】[L]Shopping centers, or rather malls, started as a collection of small new stores away from crowded city centers. 遠(yuǎn)離擁擠的城市中心很多小型的新商場(chǎng)聚集在一起構(gòu)成了大規(guī)模購物中心。start 在此處是開業(yè)的意思。
54.【解析】[M]customers were drawn away from downtown areas to outlying malls.顧客們被從市中心區(qū)吸引到郊區(qū)的購物商場(chǎng)。市中心區(qū)即用downtown 一詞。
55.【解析】[J]購物中心越來越流行，popularity即普及、流行之意。
56.【解析】[F]購物中心除了提供停車的便利之外，還提供其他服務(wù)。提供便利即用 provide convenience。
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Section B
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions. To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience.
The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonald’s. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.
The other school proposes that companies must tailor business approaches to individual cultures. Setting up policies and procedures in each country has been compared to an organ transplant; the critical question centers around acceptance or rejection. The major challenge to the international manager is to make sure that rejection is not a result of cultural myopia or even blindness.
Fortune examined the international performance of a dozen large companies that earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas. The internationally successful companies all share an important quality: patience. They have not rushed into situations but rather built their operations carefully by following the most basic business principles. These principles are to know your adversary, know your audience, and know your customer.
57.According to the passage, which of the following is true?
[A]All international managers can learn culture.
[B]Business diversity is not necessary.
[C]Views differ on how to treat culture in business world.
[D]Most people do not know foreign culture well.
58.According to the author, the model of Pepsi.
[A]is in line with the theories that the business is business the world around
[B]is different from the model of McDonald’s
[C]shows the reverse of globalization
[D]has converged cultural differences
59.The two schools of thought.
[A]both propose that companies should tailor business approaches to individual cultures
[B]both advocate that different policies be set up in different countries
[C]admit the existence of cultural diversity in business world
[D]both A and B
60.This article is supposed to be most useful for those.
[A]who are interested in researching the topic of cultural diversity
[B]who have connections to more than one type of culture
[C]who want to travel abroad
[D]who want to run business on International Scale
61.According to Fortune, successful international companies.
[A]earn 20 percent or more of their revenue overseas
[B]all have the quality of patience
[C]will follow the overseas local cultures
[D]adopt the policy of internationalization
Section B
Passage One
【全文翻譯】
文化是國際商業(yè)中最具是挑戰(zhàn)性的因素之一。作為一種體系，文化具有既定社會(huì)成員習(xí)得性行為模式的特點(diǎn)，不斷受到一些動(dòng)態(tài)變量的塑造，如：語言、宗教信仰、價(jià)值觀、態(tài)度、行為方式和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣、美學(xué)、科技、教育和社會(huì)制度。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這一體系，一個(gè)國際經(jīng)理需要了解文化知識(shí)并對(duì)此作出詮釋。在某種程度上，文化知識(shí)可以通過學(xué)習(xí)獲得，但對(duì)文化的詮釋只能通過實(shí)踐獲得。
應(yīng)對(duì)文化環(huán)境最復(fù)雜的問題源于這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：人生在文化中但卻不能學(xué)習(xí)文化。關(guān)于如何應(yīng)對(duì)文化的多樣性，商界中存在兩種觀點(diǎn)。一種認(rèn)為，商業(yè)是世界性的，遵循百事(Pepsi)和麥當(dāng)勞(McDonald)的模式。在某些情況下，全球化就是生活;但是，文化差異仍然難以趨同。
另外一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，企業(yè)必須調(diào)整其策略以適應(yīng)特別的文化。在各個(gè)國家建立政策和程序就如同器官移植，關(guān)鍵的問題是以接受或排斥為中心。國際經(jīng)理面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)是要確認(rèn)排斥不是由文化近視或者盲目所引起的。
財(cái)富(Fortune)對(duì)十二個(gè)海外收入占其總收入20%或更多的大公司的國際業(yè)績(jī)進(jìn)行了研究。成功的國際公司都有一個(gè)重要的特征：耐心。它們不是冒失地闖入而是遵循最基本的商業(yè)原則認(rèn)真地營造自己的經(jīng)營活動(dòng)。這些原則就是了解對(duì)手、了解觀眾以及了解顧客。
【答案解析】
57.【解析】[C]推斷題。意為“在商業(yè)中怎樣對(duì)待文化有著不同意見”。文化在商業(yè)中是一個(gè)很具挑戰(zhàn)性的因素,不同的國家與地區(qū)可能會(huì)有不同的文化體系。在商業(yè)中，應(yīng)該怎樣對(duì)待不同的文化，商業(yè)界存在著不同的看法。
58.【解析】[A]細(xì)節(jié)題。Pepsi采納的是國際化的商業(yè)風(fēng)格，這與那些主張國際化的派別的意見是相一致的。
59.【解析】[C]推斷題。意為“承認(rèn)商業(yè)世界中文化的多元性”。兩個(gè)派別都承認(rèn)商業(yè)世界中文化的多元性。他們的不同在于，如何對(duì)待不同的'文化，應(yīng)該搞國際化還是對(duì)不同的文化采取不同的策略。
60.【解析】[D]主旨題。由文中的例子可以知道，作者主要關(guān)心的并不是研究多種文化形態(tài)，而是文化背景對(duì)商業(yè)運(yùn)作的影響。所以D是正確答案。
61.【解析】[B]細(xì)節(jié)題。意為“都具有耐心這一素質(zhì)”。即他們并不急于對(duì)號(hào)入座而是依據(jù)最基本的商業(yè)原則謹(jǐn)慎地建立自己的運(yùn)行模式。
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Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
There are people in Italy who can’t stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situation exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They tell you it’s a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, and gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because there’s the sport that glorifies “the hit”.
By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.
On TV the game is fractured into a dozen perspectives, replays, close-ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for involvement. The TV won’t do it for you.
Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so passive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or brings the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first baseman’s position. Suppose the pitch is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”
The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocket in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chorus and responses.
62.The passage is mainly concerned with .
[A]the different tastes of people for sports
[B]the different characteristics of sports
[C]the attraction of football
[D]the attraction of baseball
63.Those who don’t like baseball may complain that .
[A]it is only to the taste of the old
[B]it involves fewer players than football
[C]it is not exciting enough
[D]it is pretentious and looks funny
64.The author admits that .
[A]baseball is too peaceful for the young
[B]baseball may seem boring when watched on TV
[C]football is more attracting than baseball
[D]baseball is more interesting than football
65.By stating “I could have had my eyes closed.” the author means (4th paragraph last sentence) .
[A]the third baseman would rather sleep than play the game
[B]even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no difference to the result
[C]the third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his work well
[D]the consequence was so bad that he could not bear to see it
66.We can safely conclude that the author .
[A]likes football[B]hates football
[C]hates baseball[D]likes baseball
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension(Reading in Depth)
Passage Two
【全文翻譯】
有些意大利人不喜歡足球，也并不是所有的加拿大人都喜歡曲棍球。美國也存在類似的情況：一提起壘球，有些人就打哈欠甚至皺眉頭，你可能就是其中之一。對(duì)他們來說，看壘球就意味著眼巴巴地觀望著身著緊身而有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng)裝的人呆立在球場(chǎng)上，東瞧瞧西望望，很少有什么(激動(dòng)人心的)事發(fā)生——真是無聊極了。他們認(rèn)為，壘球是適合19世紀(jì)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，慢慢騰騰、毫無活力而又從容和緩。你可能是他們中的一員，喜歡足球，因?yàn)樗且环N崇尚“熱門”的運(yùn)動(dòng)。相反，壘球看起來顯得孤孤單單、冷冷清清、沉沉靜靜、慢慢騰騰。
在電視上，壘球運(yùn)動(dòng)被切換成不同角度的畫面、不斷地予以重放、特寫。但是，壘球運(yùn)動(dòng)的立體感是理解它的核心。你可以把它想象成一位畫家從某點(diǎn)開始創(chuàng)作他的作品;當(dāng)然，你也可以讓自己投身到運(yùn)動(dòng)中去。正是這種投身其中的感覺使得壘球成為值得參與的運(yùn)動(dòng)。電視體現(xiàn)不出這一點(diǎn)。
以三壘手為例。你坐在三壘后面的休息區(qū)，看著他望著本壘。他雙腿分開，膝蓋彎曲，手臂耷拉下來。他反復(fù)多次這樣做。對(duì)壘球持懷疑論態(tài)度者仍難以想出其他任何運(yùn)動(dòng)是如此的沉靜，如此的被動(dòng)。但是，注意投手每次投球時(shí)發(fā)生的情況：三壘手踮起了腳趾，彎曲著手臂或?qū)⑹痔着e到面前的某個(gè)位置，向左或向右、向前或向后邁出一步，可能他還會(huì)朝球場(chǎng)掃上一眼，查看一壘手的位置。想象投出了一球。“什么也沒有發(fā)生，”你說，“我本來可以閉上眼睛”。
懷疑壘球運(yùn)動(dòng)者和新手必須要親自參與這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。在看臺(tái)上看壘球就像聽音樂一樣明智。注意觀察三壘手。用一只腳抹平你面前的土堆，平整好手套上的口袋，注意擊球手的眼睛、球棒的速度，聆聽壘球擊打在球棒上的聲音。如果足球是劇場(chǎng)里的一曲運(yùn)動(dòng)交響樂，那么壘球就是一曲集聲調(diào)、合唱和吟唱于一體的自由自在的室內(nèi)樂。
【答案解析】
62.【解析】[D]主旨題。文章第一段簡(jiǎn)述了人們對(duì)壘球所持的.偏見——認(rèn)為它毫無活力、從容和緩，不像橄欖球那樣高潮迭起、令人激動(dòng)。文章的第二、三、四、五段探討了壘球的根本特征及欣賞角度，文章的最后一句話用一個(gè)比喻概括了壘球的魅力：“如果橄欖球是一曲交響樂的話，那么，壘球中所表現(xiàn)出來的運(yùn)動(dòng)恰似一曲優(yōu)美的室內(nèi)樂。”可見，本文主要探討的是壘球的特點(diǎn)及其欣賞。 A不對(duì)，第一段也確實(shí)提到了不同觀眾對(duì)不同運(yùn)動(dòng)形式的偏好，但這只是用以引出對(duì)壘球的特征及欣賞的討論。
63.【解析】[C]細(xì)節(jié)題。文章第一段指出：許多人不喜歡壘球，一提起壘球這些人就打哈欠甚至皺眉頭。對(duì)他們來說，看壘球意味著眼巴巴地觀望著身著運(yùn)動(dòng)裝(outfit)的人呆立在球場(chǎng)上，東瞧瞧西望望，很少有什么(激動(dòng)人心的)事發(fā)生——沒意思透了。他們認(rèn)為這樣的運(yùn)動(dòng)更適合上個(gè)世紀(jì)的人的口味，不像橄欖球那樣充滿活力。 A意為：“它只適合老年人的口味。”注意：原文說的是適合上個(gè)世紀(jì)的人的口味，二者意思不一樣。 D意為：“它矯揉造作、滑稽可笑。”這與說它gentlemanly(具有紳士風(fēng)度，矜持，即：沒有沖撞或拼搶)不一樣。
64.【解析】[B]推斷題。第三段指出，在電視上，壘球運(yùn)動(dòng)被切換成不同角度的畫面，而且不斷地使用重放、特寫等電視制作技術(shù)，這破壞了該運(yùn)動(dòng)的整體運(yùn)動(dòng)感，使觀眾無法將自己投入(project)到運(yùn)動(dòng)中去，以體會(huì)到這種寓動(dòng)于靜的運(yùn)動(dòng)之美。電視做不到這一點(diǎn)(The TV won’t do it for you)，因此，電視上的壘球比賽看上去(seems)孤孤單單、冷冷清清、沉沉靜靜、慢慢騰騰。C、D不對(duì)，作者僅指出了不同運(yùn)動(dòng)有不同運(yùn)動(dòng)的特征，并未說哪種運(yùn)動(dòng)優(yōu)于哪種。參閱文章最后一句。
65.【解析】[B]推斷題。第四段整個(gè)都在描述壘球場(chǎng)上的一個(gè)場(chǎng)景：拿三壘的運(yùn)動(dòng)員假設(shè)對(duì)方全投出好球，做好了一切準(zhǔn)備，但是對(duì)方投出的并不是好球。所以在那時(shí)候他的準(zhǔn)備做不做都不會(huì)影響比賽結(jié)果。他說本來可以閉上眼睛，意思就是B項(xiàng)所寫的。A、C、D都不符合作者的意圖。這道題需要完整地了解第四段內(nèi)容才能做好選擇。
66.【解析】[D]推斷題。在本文中，作者主要探討了壘球的特征及欣賞，作者著重指出的是：只有根據(jù)壘球的特征來欣賞它，才能體會(huì)到它的魅力。在他看來，觀察到壘球比賽中運(yùn)動(dòng)員的各種動(dòng)作、壘球位之間的關(guān)系等是欣賞它的關(guān)鍵(第三段第二句)。只有從整體來把握它，才能看到每一個(gè)小的動(dòng)作、每一個(gè)眼神乃至于“靜止”的意義，也只有這樣，才能全身心地投入比賽中，欣賞到它的魅力。可見，作者對(duì)壘球有很深的理解而且非常喜愛壘球。主要參考第三、四、五段。
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Part ⅤCloze (15 minutes)
Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? 67 an event takes place, newspapers are on the streets 68 the details. Wherever anything happens in the world, reports are on the spot to 69 the news. Newspapers have one basic 70 , to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to 71 it. Radio, telegraph, television, and 72 inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication. 73 , this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the 74 and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are 75 and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers 76 of the latest news, today’s newspapers 77 and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices 78 advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very 79 .News-papers are sold at a price that 80 even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main 81 of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The 82 in selling advertising depends on a newspaper’s value to advertisers. This 83 in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends 84 on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment 85 in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information 86 the community, city, country, state, nation, and world—and even outer space.
67.[A]Just when[B]While[C]Soon after[D]Before
68.[A]to give[B]giving[C]given[D]being given
69.[A]gather[B]spread[C]carry[D]bring
70.[A]reason[B]cause[C]problem[D]purpose
71.[A]make[B]publish[C]know[D]write
72.[A]another[B]other[C]one another[D]the other
73.[A]However[B]And[C]Therefore[D]So
74.[A]value[B]ratio[C]rate[D]speed
75.[A]spread[B]passed[C]printed[D]completed
76.[A]inform[B]be informed[C]to informed[D]informed
77.[A]entertain[B]encourage[C]educate[D]edit
78.[A]on[B]through[C]with[D]of
79.[A]forms[B]existence[C]contents[D]purpose
80.[A]tries to cover[B]manages to cover[C]fails to cover[D]succeeds in
81.[A]source [B]origin[C]course[D]finance
82.[A]way[B]means[C]chance [D]success
83.[A]measures[B]measured[C]is measured[D]was measured
84.[A]somewhat [B]little[C]much[D]something
85.[A]offering[B]offered[C]which offered[D]to be offered
86.[A]by [B]with[C]at[D]about
Part Ⅴ Cloze
【全文翻譯】
誰獲得了1994年世界杯足球賽的冠軍?聯(lián)合國發(fā)生了什么事情?批評(píng)家如何喜歡新劇?一個(gè)事件剛剛發(fā)生，街上就有報(bào)紙報(bào)道詳情了。世界上無論什么地方發(fā)生事情，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的消息報(bào)道就出現(xiàn)了。報(bào)紙有一個(gè)基本的目的，即盡快從消息來源地、消息制造者處獲得消息，并把它傳遞給想要知道消息的人。無線電、電報(bào)、電視及其他發(fā)明是報(bào)紙的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。雜志和其他通訊方式的發(fā)展也給報(bào)紙帶來競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。然而，這種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)只是加速了報(bào)紙的發(fā)展。報(bào)紙很快地利用更新、更快的通訊手段來提高速度，進(jìn)而改善自身的運(yùn)作效率�，F(xiàn)在發(fā)行的報(bào)紙遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了以前任何時(shí)候。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也使報(bào)紙向其他許多領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)展。除了不斷為讀者提供最新的新聞外，現(xiàn)在的報(bào)紙還通過政治報(bào)道和其他的重要事件來教育和影響讀者，通過廣告來影響讀者的經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇。大部分報(bào)紙依靠廣告收入來維持生存，其售價(jià)較低，甚至不足以抵付其成本的一小部分。大部分報(bào)紙的收入來源于商業(yè)廣告，而廣告業(yè)務(wù)的成功取決于報(bào)紙?jiān)诳蛻?要登廣告的'人)心中的價(jià)值。這種價(jià)值是以發(fā)行量來衡量的。有多少人閱讀該報(bào)紙呢?發(fā)行量的大小，很大程度上取決于發(fā)行部門的工作及報(bào)紙所提供的服務(wù)或娛樂。但是，很大程度上，報(bào)紙作為關(guān)于社區(qū)、城市、國家、州、民族、世界甚至外層空間的信息來源，它的發(fā)行量取決于其對(duì)讀者的價(jià)值。
【答案解析】
67.【解析】[A]just在此為副詞，意為“剛剛”，做狀語。此句意為“一個(gè)事件剛剛發(fā)生，街上就有報(bào)紙報(bào)道詳情了”，說明報(bào)紙對(duì)新聞的反應(yīng)之快。
68.【解析】[A]to give和giving都合乎語法，但giving強(qiáng)調(diào)的是正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，而此處重點(diǎn)表達(dá)的是“反應(yīng)快”，不是正在做什么。
69.【解析】[A]消息、信息要靠收集。
70.【解析】[D]后面的不定式短語表示目的。
71.【解析】[C]提供信息的目的是為了讓他人知道，所以選C。
72.【解析】[B] other意為“其他的”。此句意為：無線電、電報(bào)、電視及其他發(fā)明，成為報(bào)紙的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。
73.【解析】[A]根據(jù)句中的merely及其后所述內(nèi)容，應(yīng)選however，表轉(zhuǎn)折。
74.【解析】[D]使用更新、更快的通信工具，目的是提高速度。
75.【解析】[C]報(bào)紙是印出來的，先印后看(讀)。
76.【解析】[D]“keep sb. 過去分詞”是一種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，sb.與過去分詞為被動(dòng)關(guān)系，意為保持這種關(guān)系的繼續(xù)。此句的意思是：報(bào)紙不斷地為讀者提供新聞信息。
77.【解析】[C]關(guān)于politics之類的嚴(yán)肅話題,只能選educate。
78.【解析】[B]此句意為：報(bào)紙通過廣告影響讀者在經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中的選擇。
79.【解析】[B]大多數(shù)報(bào)紙依靠廣告收入來維持生存，此現(xiàn)象人人皆知。
80.【解析】[C]報(bào)紙的售價(jià)之低，不足以抵付成本的一小部分。符合上下文關(guān)于廣告收入的說法。
81.【解析】[A]收入來源應(yīng)該用source。因?yàn)閟ource指河流、泉水的發(fā)源地;常指抽象事物的根源或來源以及資料、信息的出處或來源。origin起源，起因。指事物后來發(fā)生、發(fā)展變化的最初起點(diǎn),或指人的出身和血統(tǒng)。
82.【解析】[D]succeed in為固定短語。此句意為：廣告業(yè)務(wù)的成功，取決于報(bào)紙?jiān)诳蛻?要打廣告的人)心中的價(jià)值。
83.【解析】[C]根據(jù)上下文，此處應(yīng)該用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，此句意為：報(bào)紙?jiān)诳蛻粜闹械膬r(jià)值，是靠發(fā)行量衡量的。
84.【解析】[C]該句意為：發(fā)行量的大小，很大程度上取決于發(fā)行部門的工作及報(bào)紙所提供的服務(wù)功能和娛樂功能。
85.【解析】[B]offered作services和entertainment的定語。
86.【解析】[D]information后面接介詞about，表示“關(guān)于”。
Part Ⅵ Translation(5 minutes)
Direction: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
87.There’s a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means(想找麻煩).
88.Why didn’t you tell me you could lend me the money? I (本來不必從銀行借錢的).
89. (正是由于她太沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)) that she does not know how to deal with the situation.
90.I (將做實(shí)驗(yàn)) from three to five this afternoon.
91.If this can’t be settled reasonably, it may be necessary to (訴諸武力).
【答案解析】
87.【答案】to make trouble
【解析】找麻煩，用固定詞組make trouble即可，make trouble 即“制造麻煩，搗亂”之意。
88.【答案】needn’t have borrowed it from the bank
【解析】本題考查虛擬語氣的用法，needn’t have done的結(jié)構(gòu)是“本不必這樣做而做了”的意思。
89.【答案】It is because she is so inexperienced
【解析】沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)可以用一個(gè)形容詞來翻譯，即inexperienced。
90.【答案】will be doing/conducting the experiment
【解析】本題考查將來進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的用法，做實(shí)驗(yàn)既可用do experiment也可用conduct experiment。
91.【答案】resort to force
【解析】本題亦考查固定詞組用法，“訴諸武力”有固定詞組resort to force
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