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英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試議論文寫作技巧指導(dǎo)
下面是關(guān)于英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試議論文寫作的技巧指導(dǎo)，希望對(duì)大家寫作有所幫助。
1. 議論文的格式：
議論文的格式應(yīng)由三個(gè)部分組成：<1> 立論部分;<2> 論證部分; <3> 結(jié)論部分。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，議論文可分三個(gè)基本段落來(lái)寫：第一段引出話題;第二段立論且加以論證;第三段給出明確的結(jié)論。第二段是中心段落，應(yīng)試者應(yīng)將主要的內(nèi)容放在第二段中，同時(shí)也要注意開(kāi)篇及結(jié)尾段落的完整性，且應(yīng)盡量做到首尾呼應(yīng)，切忌前后矛盾。
2. 段落的統(tǒng)一性及語(yǔ)篇的連貫性
(1) 段落的統(tǒng)一性
英語(yǔ)段落有一大特點(diǎn)，即一個(gè)段落只涉及一個(gè)主題(甚至只是一個(gè)主題的某個(gè)方面)。段落中的一個(gè)句子點(diǎn)出主題并說(shuō)明作者對(duì)該主題的看法，而其它所有句子都是為展開(kāi)該主題而給出的事實(shí)、例證、推理，它們與主題緊密相關(guān)。段落中不應(yīng)有一個(gè)與主題無(wú)關(guān)的句子。英文段落的這種各個(gè)句子與主題的關(guān)聯(lián)性被稱作段落的統(tǒng)一性。請(qǐng)看以下兩例：
(1)
Birds build their nests in all kinds of places. Some are high in trees, on the sides of buildings or on the top of hills while others on the ground, in fields or by stream banks. Birds also use various nesting materials to build their nests, including sticks, mud, stones, grass and so on. Some birds are able to change to be suitable for different conditions. They’ll build their nests wherever they can find a spot and use whatever materials they can find. But other birds will build their nests only in certain places and use only certain materials.
(2)
"Culture shock" occurs as a result of lack of understanding in a new culture. It happens to people who have been suddenly "transplanted abroad". Newcomers may be anxious because they do not speak the language, know the customs, or understand people’s behavior in daily life. The visitor finds that "yes" may not necessarily mean "yes," that friendliness does not always mean friendship, or that statements that appear to be serious are really intended as jokes. The foreigner may be unsure as to when to shake hands or embrace, when to initiate conversations, or how to approach a stranger. The notion of "culture shock" help explain feelings of bewilderment and disorientation. Language problems do not account for all the frustrations that people feel. When one is deprived of everything that was once familiar, such as understanding a transportation system, knowing how to register for university classes, or knowing how to make friends, difficulties in coping with the new society may arise.
(2) 語(yǔ)篇的連貫性
英語(yǔ)議論文的段落多采取直線展開(kāi)式，即段落開(kāi)始直接切入主題，并給出事實(shí)、例證、推理等。英語(yǔ)議論文段落這種展開(kāi)方式是形成其語(yǔ)篇連貫的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過(guò)某種有序的排列(如時(shí)間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等)而相互關(guān)聯(lián)。在論述該段落主題的時(shí)候，每后一個(gè)句子都是建立在前面一個(gè)句子的基礎(chǔ)之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個(gè)句子，這種連貫便會(huì)受到影響，就會(huì)造成讀者在理解上的困難。
3. 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)、議論文中常用的詞句與短語(yǔ)
(1) 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)
一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質(zhì)量不無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，而主題句質(zhì)量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據(jù)的選擇(即所選的論據(jù)在邏輯性、說(shuō)理性、準(zhǔn)確性及與主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性等方面是否都經(jīng)得起推敲)。需要明確的是，中心段落只應(yīng)有兩個(gè)組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據(jù)。
段落的主題句也應(yīng)有兩個(gè)部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度，兩者缺一不可。假設(shè)應(yīng)試者被要求寫一篇有關(guān)吸煙的議論文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主題。請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)主題句：
Smoking is a habit of many men.
該主題句暴露出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：(1)作者審題不清;(2)作者沒(méi)有表明對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，議論文要求應(yīng)試者闡明自己對(duì)某問(wèn)題的看法或態(tài)度。因此當(dāng)我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認(rèn)真審題，權(quán)衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場(chǎng)。
如何構(gòu)建段落的主題句呢?
拿到議論文的題目以后，經(jīng)認(rèn)真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關(guān)的例證。我們還用吸煙這個(gè)話題為例：
SMOKING
1. Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.
2. Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.
3. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one’s life by about 15
minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.
4. Smoking after a meal can also disturb one’s digestive system.
5. Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult’s sexuality.
6. Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.
7. Smoking makes one’s mouth smell.
8. The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.
9. Smoking in bed may cause fire..
根據(jù)上面所列出的七個(gè)句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個(gè)主題句，即：
<1> Smoking is a bad habit.
<2> Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.
第一個(gè)主題句表明了作者的態(tài)度，但不如第二個(gè)具體，因此在展開(kāi)中心段落時(shí)不僅要談吸煙對(duì)人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對(duì)地具體段落就越好展開(kāi)。但這并不等于說(shuō)第一個(gè)主題句不好;如果主題句太過(guò)具體，段落可展開(kāi)的范圍就會(huì)過(guò)窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會(huì)相對(duì)較少，整篇文章寫下來(lái)后可能達(dá)不到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。因此選擇哪一個(gè)主題句要視具體情況而定。
用于支持段落主題句的論據(jù)其實(shí)就是我們開(kāi)始列出的那些例證，但應(yīng)視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個(gè)主題句分別構(gòu)建兩個(gè)不同的中心段落：
(1)
Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes one’s mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, "Cancer Stick". Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one’s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult’s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one’s digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (211 words)
(2)
Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health. Cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, "Cancer Stick". Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one’s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult’s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one’s digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (196 words)
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