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全國(guó)英語等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題
合抱之木，生于毫末;九層之臺(tái)，起于壘土;千里之行，始于足下。以下是小編為大家搜索整理的2024年全國(guó)英語等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題，希望能給大家?guī)韼椭?
全國(guó)英語等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題 1
SECTION III Reading Comprehension(40 minutes)
Dilrections:
Read the following three texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
Sometime in the middle of the 15th century, a well-to-do merchant from London buried more than 6,700 gold and silver coins on a sloping, hillside in Surrey. He was fleeing the War of the Ro-ses and planned to return during better times. But he never did. The coins lay undisturbed until one September evening in 1990, when local resident Roger Mintey chanced upon them with a metal de-tector, a device used to determine the presence of metals. Minteys find much of.which now sits in the British Museum-earned him roughly $350,000, enough to quit his job with a small manu- facturer and spend more time pursuing lost treasure.
But digging up the past is controversial in Britain. In many European countries, metal detecto- fists, or people using metal detectors, face tough regulations. In the U. K., however, officials in- troduced a scheme in 1997 encouraging hobbyists to report their discoveries (except for those fall- ing under the definition of treasure, like Minteys find, which they are required to report)--but al- lowing them to keep what they find, or receive a reward. Last year, a hidden store was uncovered
in a field outside Birmingham. It consists of more than 1,500 gold and silver objects from the sev- enth century and was valued at more than $4.5 million. While local museums hurry to raise enough money to keep the find off the open market, it sits in limbo, owned by the Crown but fa- cing claims by the landowner and the metal detectorist who found it.
The find marks the latest battleground in the increasingly heated conflict between the countrys 10,000-20,000 metal detectorists and the museum workers determined to protect its precious old objects. Supporters say the scheme stems the loss of valuable information about precious old ob-jects, while opponents argue that metal detectorists dont report everything.
The debate centers on the larger question of who owns the past. "Theres been a slow move over the centuries that precious old things belong to us all," says Professor Christopher Chippindale of Cambridge University. But in Britain at least, the temptation of buried treasure could change all that.
46. According to the first paragraph, the coins in Surrey were
A. worth roughly $350,000
B. possessed by a local resident
C. unearthed about 500 years ago
D. left by a merchant during a war
47. What do we know about Roger Mintey?
A. He produces metal detectors.
B. He owns a manufacturing firm.
C. He works for the British Museum.
D. He seeks buried treasure as a hobby.
48. In the U. K., metal detectorists
A. are rewarded for whatever they find
B. are forced to obey tough regulations
C. may keep what they have discovered
D. should report whatever they discover
49. As for the find outside Birmingham, it is still unclear
A. how much it is worth
B. how it was discovered
C. who is entitled to it
D. what it is made up of
50. According to Professor Christopher Chippindale, buried treasure
A. is owned by the public
B. is debated in a heated way
C. remains a big temptation
D. turns precious over time
Part A
Text 1
在15世紀(jì)中期，一位來自倫敦的富有商人將6700多枚金幣和銀幣埋藏在薩里的一座傾斜的山坡里。他當(dāng)時(shí)在躲避玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，打算在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)結(jié)束時(shí)再返回，但是他卻沒能回來。這些金銀幣一直藏在地下，直到1990年九月的一個(gè)夜晚，當(dāng)?shù)氐囊晃痪用馬oger Mintey偶然間用一種探測(cè)金屬的儀器發(fā)現(xiàn)了它們。Mintey發(fā)現(xiàn)的金銀幣大約價(jià)值35萬美金(大部分硬幣現(xiàn)保存在大不列顛博物館)，這筆錢足夠他辭去小工廠的工作并繼續(xù)搜尋剩下的寶藏。
但是這種挖掘在當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)是備受爭(zhēng)議的。在許多歐洲國(guó)家，金屬探測(cè)者或使用金屬探測(cè)器的人都將面臨嚴(yán)厲的法律制裁。然而，l997年
英國(guó)官方頒布了一項(xiàng)新制度，鼓勵(lì)愛好者們上報(bào)他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)(除了那些屬于寶藏范圍內(nèi)的物品，Mintey的發(fā)現(xiàn)就屬于此范圍，必須上報(bào))，但允許他們擁有發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品或上報(bào)贏得獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。去年，在伯明翰郊外發(fā)現(xiàn)了一處隱秘的倉(cāng)庫(kù)。該倉(cāng)庫(kù)中藏有1500多件7世紀(jì)的金制品和銀制品，價(jià)值高達(dá)450多萬美元。正當(dāng)當(dāng)?shù)氐牟┪镳^急著籌集資金去購(gòu)買這些制品以免其流入市場(chǎng)時(shí)，它的歸屬權(quán)還在爭(zhēng)論，其皇族擁有者遭到了土地?fù)碛姓呒鞍l(fā)現(xiàn)者的`指責(zé)。
這些被發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品激發(fā)了英國(guó)l至2萬金屬探測(cè)者和博物館力圖保護(hù)文物的工作人員之間的白熱化的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。支持者認(rèn)為此制度阻止了珍貴文物的流失，而反對(duì)者認(rèn)為金屬探測(cè)者們不會(huì)上報(bào)所有東西。這場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論的重點(diǎn)在于到底誰應(yīng)該擁有歷史遺產(chǎn)。劍橋大學(xué)的Chris—topherChippindale教授說道，“過去幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，人們漸漸開始認(rèn)為這些珍貴的文物屬于我們所有人”。但是至少在英國(guó)，這些埋葬的寶藏誘惑著很多人，從而改變了一切。
46.D【精析】細(xì)節(jié)題。關(guān)于薩里的硬幣，從文章第一段第一、二句“…awell—to—do merchant from London buried more than 6，700...He was fleeing the War of the Roses…”可知，這些硬幣是被一位商人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中留下的，D正確。由第一段最后一句“Mintey’s find--much ofwhich now sits in the British Museum--eamed him roughly$350.000…spend more time pursuing lost treasure.”可知Mintey發(fā)現(xiàn)的金銀幣大約值三十五萬美元，但他并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)全部的，題干問的是埋在底下的全部金幣的信息，所以A不正確;第一段沒有提及歸屬權(quán)的問題，故8錯(cuò)誤;由第一段開頭可知，金幣是在15世紀(jì)中期(大約l650年左右)埋藏的，l990年發(fā)現(xiàn)，中間大約340年左右，故C不正確。綜上所述，故選D。
47.D【精析】推斷題。由文章第一段可知，Mintey只是使用金屬探測(cè)器發(fā)現(xiàn)了金幣，并不是他發(fā)明了金屬探測(cè)器，故A不正確。由第一段最后一句可知，Mintey是在一家工廠工作，并不是擁有一家工廠，故B、C不正確。從文章第一段最后兩句可知，Roger Mintey是偶然間用金屬探測(cè)器發(fā)現(xiàn)的并且他在一家小工廠工作，第二段第三句也提到政府鼓勵(lì)愛好者上報(bào)他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)，并舉了Mintey的例子，由此可推斷Mintey只是將此作為愛好，故選D。
48.C【精析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第三句“In the U.K.，however，offi—cials introduced a scheme in l997 encouraging hobbyists to repoa their discoveries(…)一but allowing them to keep what they find.Or receive a reward.”可知，在英國(guó)，政府出臺(tái)政策鼓勵(lì)人們上報(bào)發(fā)現(xiàn)的物品，但是允許他們擁有，故選c。
49.C【精析】推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句“While local muse umshurry to raise enough money to keep the find off the open market，it sits in limb0，owned by the Crown but facing claims by the landowner and the metal detectorist who find it.”可知，關(guān)于該寶藏的歸屬權(quán)還在爭(zhēng)論中，故選C。
50.A【精析】細(xì)節(jié)題。從文章最后一段第二句“1here’S been a slow more over the centuries that precious old things belong to US all.”可知，這位教授認(rèn)為這些寶藏或文物是屬于大家共有的，故選A。
全國(guó)英語等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題 2
Part A
Directions:
Read the following two texts. Answer the questions on each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
Isabel has turned down two job offers in the past year. In 2021, she started her own consulting practice, but by 2021, most of her larger clients had to drop her because of the economy. In 2021, she was undertaking irregular assignments and knew she needed a steady job. The first job she considered was Director of HR for a company in Utah. After the initial interviews, she felt the job fit her except for the location. Still, she flew west to meet the hiring manager. The hiring manager explained that Isabel was the top candidate for the job but that, before she continued with the process, she should better understand the firms culture. She directed Isabel to several videos of the companys CEO, who regularly appeared in front of the company in costume as part of morale building exercises and expected his senior leaders to do the same. Even though I was desperate for a job, I knew I couldnt do that, Isabel says. She called the recruiter to turn down the job and explained that she didnt feel there was a cultural fit.
A few months later, she interviewed for another job: a director of employee relations at a local university. After several interviews, the hiring manager told her the job was hers if she wanted it. The job had many positives : it was a low-stress environment, it offered great benefits, and the university was an employee-friendly place. But the job was relatively junior despite the title and Isabel worried it wouldnt be challenging enough. Finally, she turned it down. It would be great to have a paycheck and great benefits but I would definitely have trouble sleeping at night, she says.
In both cases, she was frank with the hiring managers about why she wasnt taking the jobs.In the past, it felt like dating, I was worried about hurting peoples feelings, she says. However, they appreciated her frankness and thanked her for her honesty. She says it was hard to turn down the jobs and it was a risk for her financially but she felt she had to.
26. In 2021, Isabel_______
A. did consulting now and then
B. found a job close to her home
C. refused several job interviews
D. ran a successful consulting firm
27. Isabel turned down the first job offer mainly because of its_______
A. CEO
B. culture
C. location
D. recruiter
28. Isabel was dissatisfied with the second job due to its_______
A. junior rifle
B. low benefits
C. Environment
D. lack of challenge
29. Isabel believed that her rejection of the jobs was______
A. harmful
B. surprising
C. justifiable
D. troublesome
30. According to Isabel, it is important to______
A. look for jobs with little stress
B. look for jobs with great benefits
C. be truthful in declining job offers
D. be cautious in declining job offers
Text 2
You do not usually get something for nothing. Now, a new study reveals that the evolution of an improved learning ability could come at a particularly high price: an earlier death.
Past experiments have demonstrated that it is relatively easy .through selective breeding to make rats, honey bees and-that great favourite of researchers-fruit flies a lot better at learning. Animals that are better learners should be competitive and, thus, over time, come to dominate a population by natural selection. But improved learning ability does not get selected amongst these animals in the wild. No one really understands why.
Tadeusz Kawecki and his colleagues at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland have measured the effects of improved learning on the lives of fruit flies. The flies were given two different fruits as egg-laying sites. One of these was laced with a bitter additive that could be detected only on contact. The flies were then given the same fruit but without an additive. Flies that avoided the fruit which had been bitter were deemed to have learned from their experience. Their children were reared and the experiment was run again.
After repeating the experiment for 30 generations, the children of the learned flies were com- pared with normal flies. The researchers report in a forthcoming edition of Evolution that although learning ability could be bred into a population of fruit flies, it shortened their lives by 15%. When the researchers compared their learned flies to colonies selectively bred to live long lives, they found even greater differences. Whereas learned flies had reduced their life spans, the long-lived flies learned less well than even average flies.
The authors suggest that evolving an improved learning ability may require a greater investment in the nervous system which takes resources away from processes that delay ageing. However, Dr. Kawecki thinks the effect could also be a by-product of greater brain activity increasing the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which can increase oxidation in the body and damage health.
No one knows whether the phenomenon holds true for other animals. So, biologists, at least, still have a lot to learn.
31. Past experiments prove selective breeding can make animals better_______
A. Commanders
B. Competitors
C. survivors
D. learners
32. In this experiment, scientists observed that________
A. some flies avoided the fruit without an addictive
B. some flies preferred the fruit with an addictive
C. the eggs of the flies were not damaged
D. the impact on the flies did not last long
33. The forthcoming report says that_______
A. long-lived flies are better at laying eggs
B. long-lived flies are poorer in learning
C. learned flies have a relatively long life
D. learned flies live as long as average ones
34. According to Dr.Kawecki, greater brain activity______
A. reduces oxygen consumption
B. regulates the nervous system
C. speeds up the ageing process
D. stabilizes the ageing process
35. We learn from the text that_______
A. the research findings need to be tested further
B. biologists are doing similar research on other animals
C. the animal world usually follows the same universal laws
D. biologists are applying their findings to other areas
閱讀PartB
Directions:
Read the texts from a magazine article in which five people talk about tipping in a restaurant. For questions 36-40, match the name of each person to one of the statements (A- G) given below.
Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
Richard:
Ive always viewed tipping as a way of saying thank you to the one who serves me. I believe what is bad is when no tip is left at all. The better the service, the higher the tip. Unless the service is literally perfect, I never tip more than 10% of the bill. Much like the harder teachers in school, I never give an easy "A.My assessment is honest.
Daniel:
A tip is a thank you, but in truth, a tip is payment for service. 20% is a standard tip. Servers deserve it for their hard work. Restaurants will never pay more for labor unless they are forced to do so by new laws. Tips make up about 97% of a servers total income. Those tips are needed for survival. So, before servers are paid a living wage, tip 20%.
Kate:
Why should I pay the difference between what the restaurant is willing to pay the employee and what an acceptable wage is? I do pay 20%, but I hate it. A friend of mine left Europe for New York City, found a job in a restaurant there and ended up making $5,500 a month. Enough above mini- mum wage? How about miners, construction workers, resident doctors, etc? Do they get tipped?
Patricia:
18 -20% for good service is todays standard. The restaurant and its employees arc too polite to tell you this or to put it on their menus, but that is their expectation and you need to understand that. I believe it is good manners to respect this. To do otherwise is to be openly rude. If you disagree, you arc wise to cat elsewhere, as you are hurting a hardworking professional.
Michael:
Tipping has gotten out of control. I always had thought it was 15%, and now suddenly servers have made it 20%. I tip 15%, and thats it. If the service is really superior, then I work higher from there. Interesting to be told ,"If you cant afford to tip 20%, then you should cat at home. If all those people stayed away, the restaurant would not even be in business.
Now match the name of each person (36 - 40) to the appropriate statement.
Note: there are two extra statements.
Statements
36.Richard
37. Daniel38. Kate
39. Patricia
40. Michael
A. Its rude not to tip.
B. I do tip, though I dont like it.
C. Tipping shouldnt be compulsory.
D. Tips are essential to servers survival.
E. If you dont tip, you are punishing the server.
F. I think the current tipping standard is too high.
G. My tip faithfully reflects how good the service is.
閱讀PartC:
Directions:
Read the following text from which five sentences have been removed. Choose from the sentences A-G the most suitable one to fill each numbered gap in the text (41-45). There are TWO extra sentences that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
In 2021, the number of hungry people in the world reached one billion for the first time. Its difficult not to be shocked by the fact that more than one in seven people in the world do not have enough to eat.41Hunger kills more people per year than diseases such as AIDS, malaria and TB combined.
The UN estimates that almost two thirds of the worlds hungry people are in Asia, which is of course the world s most populous continent.42 Although this region has a much lower population than Asia, it has the highest percentage of hungry people. Almost all of the rest are in Latin America, North Africa and the Caribbean, In the richest regions of the world there are only a tiny number of people who don t have enough to eat.
There are many reasons for world hunger. They include wars, droughts, floods, and the over- use of fanning land.43Many people also blame greedy businessmen for pushing up the prices of basic foods in the global market. But the most important reason, quite simply, is poverty, which has increased recently due to the financial crisis of 2021.
Although many people make the obvious point that there would be less hunger if the global population were smaller, few people would argue that there is not enough food to go around. 44 In the last 50 years, global food production has risen even more quickly than the global population. There are many areas of the world in which people generally have more than enough food.45The answer to world hunger, therefore, may be a balanced food distribution around the whole world. Everyone will have enough to eat, but not overeat.
A. The basic problem seems to be not a lack of food, but its distribution.
B. More than a quarter are in sub-Saharan Africa.
C. All these factors affect food production.
D. It takes the effort of every country to fight against world hunger.
E. In those places, obesity is a far bigger problem than hunger.
F. Those places need far more food than they actually get.
G. By the end of this year, more than 35 million people will have died as a result of not having enough to eat.
閱讀 Part D：
Directions:
Read the following text from which 10 words have been removed. Choose from the words A - 0 the most suitable one to fill each numbered gap in the text (46-55). There are FIVE extra words that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET.
I cant believe the kind of rubbish that some people call art. Yesterday, my girlfriend dragged me to a modern art 46to see an exhibition she had read about in the paper. It was five or six so-called installations made of bits of plastic, wood and paper that 47 just to have been thrown on the floor. It was a mess, basically--just like the floor in my sister s house when my two-year- old nephew s left all his toys out, but less 48Come to think of it,49you had given those bits of plastic, wood and paper to my nephew, he could probably have50something just as good. I guess, sometimes, the cleaners end up throwing art like that in the bins at the end of the day,51 they must find it hard to work out what s an exhibit and what s just 52
I think that if a painting or an installation looks like something I could have done myself in fifteen minutes, it doesnt53to be called art. But when I say that, people like my girlfriend say I m "uncultured. I think a lot of the people who say they 54 the kind of stuff we saw yester- day are just pretending--deep down they know it s rubbish but they don t want to be the first one to admit it because, unlike me, they re 55of being looked down on.
A.Afraid
B. appreciate
C. Because
D. Colorful
E. created
F. Deserve
G. dislike
H. gallery
I. if
J. litter
K. object
L. proved
M. seemed
N. serious
0. when
真題答案：
26.A 27.B 28.D 29.A 30.C
31.D 32.A 33.B 34.C 35.A
36.G 37.D 38.B 39.A 40.F
41.G 42.B 43.C 44.A 45.E
46.H 47.M 48.D 49.I 50.E
51.C 52.J 53.F 54.B 55.A
全國(guó)英語等級(jí)考試三級(jí)閱讀真題 3
Technology has been an encouragement of historical change. It acted as such a force in Eng- land beginning in the eighteenth century, and across the entire Western World in the nineteenth. Rapid advances were made in the use of scientific findings in the manufacture (制造 ) of goods, which has changed ideas about work. One of the first changes was that other forms of energy have taken the place of human power. Along with this came the increased use of machines to manufac- ture products in less time..
People also developed machines that could produce the same parts for a product: each nail was exactly like every other nail, meaning that each nail could be changed for every other nail. This means that goods could be mass produced, though mass production required breaking production down into smaller and smaller tasks.
Once this was done, workers no longer started on the product and labored to complete it. In- stead, they might work only one thousandth of it, other workers completing their own parts in cer- tain order. There is nothing strange about this manufacturing work by today s standards. Highly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques, as mass production al- lowed goods of high standard to be produced in greater number than could ever be done by hand. But the skilled worker wasn t the only loser, the common workers lost too. Similar changes forced farmers away. The increased mechanization(機(jī)械化) of agriculture freed masses of workers from ploughing the land and harvesting its crops. They had little choice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial centers. Increasingly, standards were set by machines. Workers no longer owned their own tools, their skill was no longer valued, and pride in their work was no longer pos- sible. Workers fed, looked after and repaired the machines that could work faster than humans at greatly reduced cost.
26. In this passage, which of the following is NOT considered as a change caused by the use of scientific findings in the production of goods?
A. Other forms of energy have taken the place of human power.
B. The increased exploitation of workers in the 19th century.
C. The increased use of machines to make products in less time.
D. The use of machines producing parts of the same standard.
27. The underlined word "this" in the fLrSt paragraph refers to
A. the use of scientific findings
B. the practice of producing the same parts for a product
C. the human power being replaced by other forms of energy
D. the technology becoming the encouragement of historical change
28. The underlined word "this" in the second paragraph refers to the change that
A. each nail could be taken the place of by every other nail
B. each nail was exactly like every other nail
C. producing tasks became smaller and smaller
D. goods could be mass produced
29. According to the writer, highly skilled workers
A. completely disappeared with the coming of the factory system
B. were dismissed by the boss
C. were unable to produce goods of high standard
D. were unable to produce fine goods at that same speed as machines
30. According to the passage, what did the farmers have to do with the coming of mechanization of agriculture?
A. Many of them had to leave their farmland for industrial centers.
B. They stuck to their farm work.
C. They refused to use machines.
They did their best to learn how to use the machines.
參考譯文
技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為歷史性改變的一種激勵(lì)。在十八世紀(jì)初的英國(guó)和十九世紀(jì)的整個(gè)西方世界，技術(shù)就具有這樣的一種力量。在商品制造領(lǐng)域，科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)物的使用使得商品制造領(lǐng)域取得了快速改進(jìn)，這改變了人
們對(duì)工作的看法。最初的一種改變就是人力被其他形式的能量所代替。隨之而來的是機(jī)器的加大使用，以便在更少的時(shí)間里生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品。
人們也開發(fā)了可以用來生產(chǎn)一種產(chǎn)品相同零件的機(jī)器：每個(gè)釘子都造得跟其他任何釘子完全相同，也就是每個(gè)釘子都可以跟其他釘子互換。這就意味著商品可以大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，雖然大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)要求把生產(chǎn)分成一個(gè)一個(gè)更小的部分。
一旦它實(shí)現(xiàn)，工人們?cè)僖膊挥弥痔幚懋a(chǎn)品以及花力氣完成產(chǎn)品。取而代之的是，他們也許只工作過去工作量的千分之一，另外的工人按一定工序完成各自的部分就可以了。按照今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，這種生產(chǎn)工作沒什么令人奇怪的。技術(shù)高超的工人無法跟這種新的生產(chǎn)技藝相媲關(guān)。因?yàn)榇笠?guī)模生產(chǎn)使高規(guī)格的商品的大批量生產(chǎn)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，而手工制作相形見絀。然而，技術(shù)好的個(gè)人并非唯一的受損失者，普通工人也如此。相似的改變讓農(nóng)民地位不保。不斷增加的農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化把大批農(nóng)民從耕地和農(nóng)作物收獲中解放出來。除了涌入快速發(fā)展的工業(yè)中心，他們別無選擇。規(guī)則日益被機(jī)器制定。工人不再擁有自己的工具。他們的技術(shù)不再有價(jià)值，從而工作中的自豪感不再存在。工人供養(yǎng)、照顧和維修那些遠(yuǎn)比人類更有工作效率的機(jī)器，這大大減少了花費(fèi)。
答案及解析
26.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。原文中并未說l9世紀(jì)開始對(duì)工人剝削的增加。其余三項(xiàng)均在第一段中間出現(xiàn)。所以此題選擇B。
27.c【解析】理解題。單詞this指上文“0ther forms of energy have taken the place of human power.”(其他形式的能源已經(jīng)代替了人類的勞動(dòng)力)的`內(nèi)容。所以此題選擇c。
28.D【解析】理解題。在條件句中，this指下文“goods could be mass produced”(貨物大批生產(chǎn))。所以此題選擇D
29.D【解析】判斷推理題�？蓮牡谌蔚谒木洹癏ighly skilled workers were unable to compare with the new production techniques.”(技術(shù)高超的工人也無法和新的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)相比)可知答案。所以此題選擇D。
A【解析】判斷推理題�？筛鶕�(jù)第三段中的“Similar changes forcedfarmers away.”(類似的改變趕走了農(nóng)民)及“They had littlechoice but to stream toward the rapidly developing industrial cen-ters.”(除了慢慢向工業(yè)中心轉(zhuǎn)移，他們沒有其他選擇)。所以此題選擇A。
Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social condition that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United State have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary” and “individual theorists” were in reality connected to a movement — utopian socialism — which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women’s rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.
The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group’s contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents’ energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to saint-simonianism European historians’ appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited.
Saint-Simon’s followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia.
Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believe that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.
1. It can be inferred that the author consider those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as “solitary” to be
[A] insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought.
[B] overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848.
[C] not focused narrowly enough in their geographical scope.
[D] insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference.
2. The author’s attitude toward European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one of
[A] approval of the specific focus of their research.
[B] disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simonians’ energy after 1832.
[C] approval of their general focus on social conditions.
[D] disapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts.
3. The author mentions all of the following as characteristic of the Saint-Simonians EXCEPT
[A] The group included many women among its members.
[B] The group believed in a world that would be characterized by sexual equality.
[C] The group was among the earliest European socialist groups.
[D] Most members believed that women and men were inherently similar in ability and character.
4. It can be inferred from the text that the Saint-Simonians envisioned a utopian society having which of the following characteristics?
[A] It would be worldwide.
[B] It would emphasize dogmatic religious principles.
[C] It would most influence the United States.
[D] It would have armies composed of women rather than of men.
5. According to the text, which of the following would be the most accurate description of the society envisioned by most Saint-Simonians?
[A] A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive education.
[B] A society in which the two genders played complementary roles and had equal status.
[C] A society in which women did not enter public life.
A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of their spiritual power.
1. 【答案】A
【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)題。通過本題題干中的“solitary”一詞可將本題的答案信息中心確定在第一段第十行即第一段第四句話，通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解本句話以及本句前后的兩句話，可以得出本題的正確選項(xiàng)A。其實(shí)美國(guó)的女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)者并不“孤單”(solitary)，因?yàn)樗齻兊乃枷牒托袆?dòng)是和歐洲大陸的女權(quán)主義者有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系，是國(guó)際女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的一部分�？忌诮忸}時(shí)要善于理解標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，更要善于對(duì)原文的細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行推導(dǎo)。
2. 【答案】B
【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。根據(jù)本題題干中的“European historians”可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段第四句，通過閱讀本句分號(hào)前后的內(nèi)容，可以推導(dǎo)出作者的態(tài)度是否定的，其否定原因是第二段第四句分號(hào)前半部分所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。本題的正確答案應(yīng)該是B。考生在解題時(shí)一定要注意原文細(xì)節(jié)的推導(dǎo)，尤其是分句之間存在因果關(guān)系的時(shí)候。
3. 【答案】D
【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道歸納推導(dǎo)題。但是本題的題干確沒有明確給出本題在原文中的準(zhǔn)確信息來源。這時(shí)考生就會(huì)迷失答題思路。請(qǐng)同學(xué)們一定要記�。好慨�(dāng)自己迷失答題思路時(shí)，一定要多想一想全文的中心主旨句和每段的主題句，這會(huì)幫助考生尋找到解題的思路。本題的正確答案應(yīng)該是D，因?yàn)檫x項(xiàng)D所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容和本文尾段第一、二句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容相反。選項(xiàng)A、B、C的內(nèi)容分別在第三段第一句、第三段第二句以及第二段首句涉及。考生在解題時(shí)一定要牢記段落主題句。
4. 【答案】A
【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位題。從本題題干中的“envisioned”(設(shè)想，預(yù)想)一詞可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在倒數(shù)第二段第一句和第二句，因?yàn)榈箶?shù)第二段第一句含有“project”(計(jì)劃，規(guī)劃)一詞，倒數(shù)第二段第二句含有表示未來的“would”一詞。通過仔細(xì)閱讀倒數(shù)第二段的第一、二句話，發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩句話都包含“globe”或“world”，可見本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是A�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要善于利用題干中的詞語迅速而準(zhǔn)確地進(jìn)行審題定位。
5. 【答案】B
【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道反推題。通過本題題干中的“most Saint-Simonians”可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在尾段的第一句。根據(jù)尾段第一句進(jìn)行反推即逆向思維，可得出本題的正確答案是B�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要時(shí)時(shí)牢記反推題型，并且經(jīng)常利用自己的逆向思維能力。
The most frightening words in the English language are, "Our computer is down. " You hear it more and more when you are on business. The other day I was at the airport waiting for a ticket to Washington and the girl in the ticket office said, "I m sorry, I can t sell you a ticket. Our computer is down. "
"If your computer is down, just write me out a ticket. "
"I can t write you out a ticket. The computer is the only one allowed to do so. "
I looked down on the computer and every passenger .was just standing there drinking coffee and staring at the black screen. Then I asked her, "What do all you people do?"
"We give the computer the information about your trip, and then it tells us whether you can fly with us or not. "
"So when it goes down, you go down with it. "
"That s good, sir. "
"How long will the computer be down?" I wanted to know.
"I have no idea. Sometimes it s down for 10 minutes, sometimes for two hours. There s no way we can find out without asking the computer, and since it s down it won t answer us. "
After the girl told me they had no backup computer, I said. "Let s forget the computer. What about your planes? They re still flying, arent they?"
"I couldnt tell without asking the computer. "
"Maybe I could just go to the gate and ask the pilot if he s flying to Washington," I suggested.
"I wouldnt know what gate to send you to. Even if the pilot was going to Washington, he couldnt take you if you didnt have a ticket. "
"Is there any other airline flying to Washington within the next few hours?"
"I wouldnt know," she said, pointing at the dark screen. "Only IT knows. It can t tell me. "
By this time there were quite a few people standing in lines. The word soon spread to other travelers that the computer was down. Some people went white; some people started to cry and still others kicked their luggage.
31. The best title for the article is
A. When the Computer Is Down
B. The Most Frightening Words
C. The Computer of the Airport
D. Asking the Computer
32. What could the girl in the ticket office do for the passengers without asking the computer?
A. She could sell a ticket.
B. She could write out a ticket.
C. She could answer the passengers questions.
D. She could do nothing.
33. why do you think they had not a backup computer?
A. Because it was easy down.
B. Because it was very expensive.
C. Because it was not advanced enough.
D. Because it was not as big as the main computer.
34. The last paragraph suggests that
A. a modern computer won t be down
B. computers can take the place of humans
C. sometimes a computer may bring suffering to people
D. there will be great changes in computers
35. What did passengers do when the computer was down?
A. They left home and went home.
B. They drank coffee and stared at the black screen.
C. They began to talk to each other.
D. None above.
參考譯文
英語中最令人恐懼的句子是：“我們的電腦宕機(jī)了�！痹诔霾畹臅r(shí)候，這樣的消息你聽到的越來越多。前幾天我在機(jī)場(chǎng)排隊(duì)買去華盛頓的票。售票窗口的女孩說：“對(duì)不起，我們現(xiàn)在不能賣票。我們的電腦宕機(jī)了。”“要是電腦壞了，你就給我填一張票吧�！�
“我無法給你填票。我們只能用電腦出票�！�
我看著那臺(tái)電腦。乘客們都站在那里，喝著咖啡，盯著那已黑了的屏幕。然后我問她：“你們這些人都是干什么的?”
“我們把你旅途的信息輸入電腦，然后它就會(huì)顯示是否有合適你的航班�！�
“所以要是電腦宕機(jī)了，你們就什么都不能干了�！�
“是的。先生�！�
“電腦宕機(jī)要持續(xù)多久?”我問道。
“我不清楚。有時(shí)十分鐘，有時(shí)兩個(gè)小時(shí)。要是不Pl電腦我們什么信息都不知道。既然現(xiàn)在它宕機(jī)了，它就不會(huì)回應(yīng)我們了�！�
從女孩那里得知沒有備用電腦后，我說：“我們先別管電腦這事。你們的飛機(jī)呢?它們還在飛，是嗎?”
“沒有電腦，我就無法回答你�！�
“或許我可以去大門那問飛行員是否要飛往華盛頓�！蔽野凳镜馈�
“我不知道讓你去哪個(gè)門找他。即使飛行員飛往華盛頓，要是沒有機(jī)票.他也不會(huì)讓你登機(jī)。”
“接下來的幾個(gè)小時(shí)還有其他去華盛頓的航班嗎?”
“我無法回答你，”她說著，順便指指那黑了的屏幕，“只有‘它知道.而它現(xiàn)在無法告訴我�！�
現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒多少人排隊(duì)了。電腦宕機(jī)的消息迅速傳到了其他旅行者那里。一些人驚得臉都白了，有一些人開始大叫，還有一些人憤怒地踢他們的行李。
答案及解析
31.A【解析】主旨題。根據(jù)文章第一句中的“0ur computer is down”(我們的電腦宕機(jī)了)及后面的文章關(guān)于機(jī)場(chǎng)電腦宕機(jī)后的一些對(duì)話內(nèi)容可知，文章主要講述的是機(jī)場(chǎng)電腦宕機(jī)后發(fā)生的一些事情，故本題選擇A。
32.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章中的對(duì)話“When it[computer]goes down.you go down with it.”(若電腦宕機(jī)了，你們也工作不了 了。)可知，機(jī)場(chǎng)售票員什么都不能做。故本題選擇D。
33.B【解析】主觀題。沒有備用電腦，最有可能是因?yàn)樵O(shè)備比較貴。故本題選擇B。
34.C【解析】推斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段的描述：電腦死機(jī)，旅客們感到恐懼、憂郁、不安，故本題選擇C。
35.B 【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。文中第四段第一句“every passenger was just standing there drinking coffee and staring at the black screen.”(乘客們站在那兒，喝著咖啡，眼睛盯著那個(gè)黑掉了的屏幕)。故本題選擇B。
Flying over a desert area in an airplane, two scientists looked down with trained eyes at treesand bushes. After an hour s flight, one of the scientists wrote in his book, "Look here for probable metal. " Scientists in another airplane, flying over a mountain area, sent a message to other scientists on the ground, "Gold possible. " Walking across hilly ground, four scientists reported,"This ground should be searched for metal. " From an airplane over a hilly wasteland a scientistsent back by radio one word: "Uranium. "
None of the scientists had X-ray eyes: they had no magic power of looking down below theearth s surface. They were merely putting to use one of the newest methods of locating minerals inthe ground... trees and plants as signs that certain minerals may lie beneath the ground on whichthe trees and plants are growing.
This newest method of searching for minerals is based on the fact that minerals deep in theearth may affect the kind of bushes and trees that grow in the surface.
At Watson Bar Greek, a brook(小溪) six thousand feet high in the mountains of British Columbia, Canada, a mineral search group gathered bags of tree seeds. Boxes were filled with smallbranches from the trees. Roots were dug and put into boxes. Each bag and box was carefullymarked. In a scientific laboratory, the parts of the forest trees were burned to ashes and tested.Each small part was examined to learn whether there were minerals in it.
Study of the roots, branches, and seeds showed no silver. But there were small amounts ofgold in the roots and a little less gold in the branches and seeds. The seeds growing nearest to thetree trunks had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.
26. Scientists were flying over a desert or a hilly wasteland or .a mountain area in order tosearch forin the ground.
A. gold
B. silver
C. uraniumD. minerals
27. The study of trees, branches and roots shows that
A. there were larger amounts of gold in the branches than in the seeds
B. there were smaller amounts of gold in the roots than in the branches
C. there were less amounts of gold in the seeds growing on the ends of branches than seeds growing nearest to the tree trunks
D. there was more gold in the branches than in the roots
28. Which is the best title suggested below?
A. Scientists Searching for Metals with Special Power
B. New Methods of Searching for Minerals
C. Gold Could Be Found by Trees and Plants
D. A New Method of Searching for Minerals--Using Trees and Plants
29. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of a tree that can help find minerals?
A. Leaves.
B. Roots.
C. Branches.
D. Seeds.
30. The scientists were searching for minerals by using
A. X-ray
B. magic power
C. a special instrument
D. trained eyes
參考譯文
坐著飛機(jī)飛過一片沙漠之地，兩位科學(xué)家用訓(xùn)練有素的眼睛察看下面的樹木和灌木叢。經(jīng)過大致一小時(shí)的飛行觀察后，其中一位科學(xué)家在他的本子上寫下這樣一句話“看這里可能有金屬礦藏�！绷硪患茱w機(jī)上的科學(xué)家們正飛過一座山區(qū)。他們給地面觀察站的科學(xué)家們發(fā)了“可能有金礦”的信息。步行越過山地，四名科學(xué)家得出報(bào)告：“應(yīng)該在此地尋找金屬礦藏”。從飛過多山丘的荒原的飛機(jī)上，一位科學(xué)家用無線電發(fā)回一個(gè)字：“鈾”。
沒有一個(gè)科學(xué)家具有x射線那樣的眼睛：他們并沒有看透地球表面的魔力。他們僅僅使用了一個(gè)最新的技術(shù)來定位地下的礦藏…樹木和植被長(zhǎng)在地上，通過他們能顯示出某種埋藏在地下的礦物。
這項(xiàng)最新的尋找礦藏的技術(shù)是依據(jù)這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即處在地下的礦物會(huì)影響到地面上灌木和樹木的生長(zhǎng)。
沃森巴溪是加拿大英屬哥倫比亞一座6，000英尺的山上的一條小溪。一隊(duì)礦藏搜索小組收集了許多包樹木的種子;盒子里盛滿了小樹枝。樹根也被挖掉放進(jìn)盒子里。每個(gè)包和盒子都被仔細(xì)標(biāo)記了。在科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室內(nèi)，樹枝被燒成灰然后做檢測(cè)。檢查每個(gè)細(xì)小的部分是否含有礦藏。
對(duì)樹根、樹枝和種子的檢測(cè)并沒發(fā)現(xiàn)銀元素，但卻在樹根部發(fā)現(xiàn)了部分金元素，同時(shí)在樹枝和種子中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了較少的金元素。長(zhǎng)在最接近樹干上的種子要比長(zhǎng)在樹枝根部的種子含金元素多一些。
答案及解析
26.D【解析】語義理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段的內(nèi)容提到各種金屬，而這些金屬元素是包含在礦(mineral)里的。故本題選擇D。
27.c【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。從文中最后一句“The seeds growing nearest to the tree trunks had more gold than those growing on the ends of the branches.”(長(zhǎng)在最接近樹干上的種子比長(zhǎng)在樹枝根部的種子要含有更多的金元素)可知答案。故本題選擇c。
28.D【解析】主旨題。通讀全文可知文章的大部分(第二至五段)都在講述通過植物來尋找礦藏。故本題選擇D。
29.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。從最后一段可知，通過研究roots，branches和 seeds可判定地下是否有礦產(chǎn)，而leaves在文章中卻沒有提到。故本題選擇A。
30.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。從文章第一段的第一句“two scientists looked down with trained eyes at trees and bushes”(兩位科學(xué)家用受過訓(xùn)練的眼睛觀察樹木和灌木)可知答案。故本題選擇D。
The cohesiveness(內(nèi)聚力 ) of a family seems to rely on members sharing certain routine prac- tices and events. For a growing share of the American labor force, however, working shifts beyond the normal daylight hours--what we here call "shift work"--makes the lives of families difficult.
Existing re.search shows that both male and female shift workers express high levels of stress and a sense of conflict between the demands of work and family life. But shift work couples still maintain a traditional attitude to the meaning of marriage and the individual roles of husband and wife. They expressed a willingness to do "whatever it takes" to approximate their view of a proper marriage,in- cluding sacrificing sleep and doing conventional things at unconventional hours. For the majority of couples interviewed, even when wives worked outside their homes, a proper marriage is character- ized by a very clear division of roles: husbands are "providers" whose major responsibility is to sup- port the family ;wives arc "homemakers" who clean, cook, and care for husbands and children.
The womens definitions of a "good husband" are typified by the following wifes response:
I expect him to be a good provider, and be there when I need him, loyal about the same things as he would expect out of me,expect that I expect him to dominate over me. But in a manner of speak- ing, wben it s time to be a man I expect him to stand up instead of sitting back expecting me to do everything.To husbands,a good wife is someone who is:
Understanding of what I feel go through at work. I need that respect at work,I hope I get it al work. I want my wife to realize what I expect at work. I don t want her to give me a lot of shil when I come home from work because I don t know if this makes much sense.
These views seemed critical to maintain the families of the shift workers.
31. Despite , shift work couples still hoped to maintain a stable life.
[ A ] traditional beliefs about marriage
[ B ] Jack of control over time
[ C ] a very clear division of roles
[ D ] the demands of work
32. From the selection, we can conclude that female shift workers were NOT satisfied with
[A] their work
[ B ] their children
[ C ] their husbands inability to protect the family and provide companionship
[D] leisure activities
33. What is implied by the author?
[ A 1 Shift work had a direct effect on the attitudes and behavior of family members.
[ B ] Shift workers could live a normal life.
[ C] Shift work couples had unconventional ideas about marriage.
[ D ] Female shift workers were satisfied with the time spent together with their families.
34. In order to continue the marriages of the shift workers,
[ A] wives must learn to care for the children when their husbands are absent
[ B ] shift work couples must administer their time and activities
[ C ] wives mustn t adapt their own feelings of boredom to their husbands
[ D ] all of thesework
35. The best title for this paragraph is
[ A ] Constructing Family Life
[ B ] Managing Time and Activities
[ C ] The Meaning of Marriage
[ D ] Living a Normal Life
一個(gè)家庭的內(nèi)聚力似乎要依靠家庭成員們一起做一些常規(guī)的事情來維系。然而由于美國(guó)勞動(dòng)力人數(shù)的增多，在非正常工作時(shí)間的輪班工作，也就是我們通常所說的“換班工作”，使家庭生活面臨困境。
現(xiàn)有的調(diào)查表明男性和女性的倒班工人都承認(rèn)壓力很大，工作和家庭生活的需求相互沖突。但是，從事?lián)Q班工作的夫婦們?nèi)匀槐３种鴮?duì)婚姻的意義和夫妻各自責(zé)任的傳統(tǒng)觀念。他們表示仍然愿意“不惜一切代價(jià)”實(shí)現(xiàn)他們認(rèn)為正常的婚姻生活，譬如犧牲睡眠時(shí)間或是在非常規(guī)的時(shí)間去做一些慣例的事情。大多數(shù)接受采訪的夫婦，甚至是那些妻子在外工作的家庭都認(rèn)為，正常家庭生活的顯著特點(diǎn)還是清楚的分工：丈夫是家庭的“支撐者”，他們主要的責(zé)任是養(yǎng)活全家，而妻子仍然是“主婦”。她們負(fù)責(zé)打掃、做飯、照顧丈夫和孩子。
以下是一個(gè)妻子對(duì)“好丈夫”的定義，這代表了所有女人的看法：
我希望他能養(yǎng)家。在我需要的時(shí)候陪在我身邊，和我熱衷于相同的事物。希望他也愿意支配我，就像我期望的那樣。這么說吧，在需要他表現(xiàn)得像個(gè)男人的時(shí)候，我希望他挺身而出，而不是坐視不管，卻想讓我去處理一切。
丈夫們眼中的好妻子是這樣的：
她要理解我在工作中的感受。我需要在工作時(shí)受尊重，我希望能在工作中找到受尊重的感覺。我要我的妻子明白我對(duì)工作的期望。我可不想每天下班回家的時(shí)候，她嘮叨個(gè)沒完洇為我也不知道這是否有意義。 以上的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)于維護(hù)那些輪班工作的夫妻家庭是至關(guān)重要的。
答案及解析
31.B【解析】“shiftwork”意為“working shifts beyond the normal daylighthours”。而A、C選項(xiàng)中“traditional beliefs about marmge”，“a veryclear division of roles”均為“a stable life”的一部分，不符合題意。
32.c【解析】由文中“the womenS definitions of a good husband”可以看出C為正確答案。
33.A【解析】由文章主旨句“shiftwork makes the lives of families difficult”可知選A。
34.D【解析】聯(lián)系全文，知A、B、c三項(xiàng)均正確。
35.C【解析】先排除D項(xiàng)，因全文圍繞shiftwork展開，B項(xiàng)則太具體,A項(xiàng)則涵義過廣,全文切入點(diǎn)為marriage。
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