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2017公共英語(yǔ)閱讀文章《板塊結(jié)構(gòu)與海床擴(kuò)展》
閱讀理解題是英語(yǔ)考試都跳不開(kāi)的,公共英語(yǔ)二級(jí)也是如此。下面,小編就為大家送上一篇2017公共英語(yǔ)閱讀文章,歡迎閱讀。
Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading
The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle. The lithosphere is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes, in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another. A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from belows. As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.
Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere. The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone. There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle. Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different.
The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics. In its original version, in the early 1960's, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates. The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust. As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field. When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock. Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift. The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently; the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.
板塊結(jié)構(gòu)與海床擴(kuò)展
板塊結(jié)構(gòu)理論描述巖石圈的運(yùn)動(dòng)。巖石圈是相對(duì)堅(jiān)硬的地球外層,包括全部地殼和部分地幔。巖石圈被劃分為幾十個(gè)大小不同形狀各異的板塊,一般而言這些板塊都處于相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)之中。一道中海脊是板塊之間的邊界,在那里新的巖石圈的物質(zhì)從下部注入。
當(dāng)板塊從中海脊脫離時(shí),它們滑向在巖石圈基部較易變形的地層上。因?yàn)榈厍虻拇笮”举|(zhì)上是不變的,只有同等數(shù)量的巖石圈物質(zhì)在其它地方被吞沒(méi),新的巖石圈才能生成。銷毀舊巖石圈的地方形成另外一種板塊邊界:一塊潛沒(méi)的區(qū)域。在這里,一塊板塊潛沒(méi)到另一板塊的邊緣之下并結(jié)合入地幔之中。兩種板塊邊界均與地層系統(tǒng)、地震以及火山活動(dòng)有關(guān),但在兩種邊界處觀察到的諸般地質(zhì)活動(dòng)卻迥然不同。
海床擴(kuò)展說(shuō)實(shí)際上早于板塊結(jié)構(gòu)理論。在20 世紀(jì) 60 年代它的理論雛形中,描述了海底的生成和毀滅,但沒(méi)有詳細(xì)介紹堅(jiān)硬的巖石圈板塊。這個(gè)假定不久之后為發(fā)現(xiàn)所證實(shí)。該發(fā)現(xiàn)表明地球磁場(chǎng)周期性的逆轉(zhuǎn)被記錄在海洋地殼中。當(dāng)巖漿從中海脊下涌起的時(shí)候,巖漿中的磁鐵礦物質(zhì)按地磁場(chǎng)的方向被磁化。巖漿冷卻并凝固下來(lái)后,地磁場(chǎng)的方向和磁極被保留在磁化了的火山巖中。磁場(chǎng)的逆轉(zhuǎn)形成 一系列與斷層軸線平行的條形磁區(qū)。這樣海洋殼就扮演了磁帶的角色,記錄下可以鑒定時(shí)間的地磁場(chǎng)的歷史。條形磁區(qū)的寬度表明了海底擴(kuò)展的速度。
附:公共英語(yǔ)二級(jí)閱讀技巧
(1)先看題干,帶著問(wèn)題讀文章
閱讀題干,首先要掌握問(wèn)題的類型,分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題。客觀信息題可以從文章中直接找到答案;而主觀判斷題考查的是對(duì)文章的感情基調(diào)、作者未加陳述的觀點(diǎn)以及貫穿全文的中心主旨的理解等,這類題必須經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)作者的態(tài)度、意圖以及對(duì)整篇文章進(jìn)行深一層的推理才能解答。
其次,這一步驟中應(yīng)把短文后的所有題干都看到,做到心中有數(shù),并且暫時(shí)不看選擇項(xiàng)(除要求判斷說(shuō)法是否符合原文的題目外),以免受選擇項(xiàng)干擾,然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀。此法加強(qiáng)了閱讀的針對(duì)性,提高了做題的準(zhǔn)確率,節(jié)省了時(shí)間。特別適用于對(duì)圖形表格類閱讀材料。
(2)以題干需求、文章大意為目標(biāo),速讀全文
這一步驟的有效性,取決于目標(biāo)是否明確。
一個(gè)目標(biāo)是題干需求。根據(jù)我們從題目中得知的答題目標(biāo),在這一步閱讀中要對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位,再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、辨別、分析、對(duì)比,有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng),選出正確答案;對(duì)與題目無(wú)關(guān)的信息就可以置之不顧,很快跳躍過(guò)去。
第一個(gè)步驟許多考生在答題時(shí)都是這樣去做的,但同樣的做法,取得的效果卻往往不盡相同,其中當(dāng)然有各人理解能力的差別,但另外一點(diǎn)原因也不能忽視——這就是對(duì)文章大意和主題的把握程度不同。
另一個(gè)目標(biāo)是文章大意。
達(dá)成這一目標(biāo)的方法之一是抓文體要素?荚囍校谟邢薜臅r(shí)間里,考生必須運(yùn)用略讀、掃讀、跳讀等技巧,搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句,捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn),并且理清文章脈絡(luò),這樣才能做到快速把握文章大意。不同體裁的文章,文章大意的具體內(nèi)容也不同。如記敘文多以人物為中心,以時(shí)間或空間為線索,按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、結(jié)局展開(kāi)故事;論述文則包含論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論三大要素,通過(guò)解釋、舉例來(lái)闡述觀點(diǎn)?忌筛鶕(jù)文章的特點(diǎn),詳讀細(xì)節(jié),以動(dòng)詞、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、因果等為線索,找出關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)和主題句。
達(dá)成這一目標(biāo)的方法之二是主題句。抓主題句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。多數(shù)文段都有主題句,而且主題句一般出現(xiàn)在文章的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾。當(dāng)然也有些文章沒(méi)有主題句,需要讀者自己去歸納。因?yàn)橹黝}句往往對(duì)全文起提示、啟迪、概括、歸納之作用,所以主旨大意題、歸納概括題、中心思想類的題目往往可直接從主題句中找到答案。
比如,請(qǐng)找出下面一段文章的主題句:
The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.
不難看出,第一句the panda is a popular animal是主題句,后面的句子都圍繞這個(gè)句子展開(kāi)。
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