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2017年下半年pets5考前訓(xùn)練題指點
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第 1 題：Reading Comprehension(子母填空):
Secrets of Nature Still Enthral Us
Reception staff at the Natural History Museum in London were in no doubt about the message they wanted to be passed to future visitors. "Please, please tell your readers they cannot come to see the squid unless they book," pleaded one.
Over the past four days thousands have arrived to see Archie, the giant squid, after news of his unveiling -- in a tank of pickling fluid in the basement of the museums Darwin Centre -- had been revealed in newspapers and on television.
Most of the visitors were disappointed. Only a few who had booked to go on the small guided tours of the Darwin Centre, the museum's research annexe, got to see the 30ft behemoth in his new home. The rest had to do without -- and judging from the looks of museum staff, this news often went down badly.
The intensity of the public's response to Archie's arrival has been extraordinary, and reveals how deeply ingrained is our sense of wonder at the natural world, and the reverence we feel for our fellow creatures. It might be expected -- given the plethora of natural history programmes on Discovery and National Geographic channels -- that people would be bored by news of yet another zoological discovery.
But that is certainly not the case, judging by the response to the news that the most complete giant squid ever found (off the Falkland Islands) had been put on display at the Natural History Museum, and the public's recent reaction to a host of other zoological events. Examples range from the plight of the whale trapped in the Thames in January, to the millions expected to tune in to BBC1's latest David Attenborough extravaganza, Planet Earth, tonight. We are becoming ever more besotted with animals, it appears.
And it is not simply a matter of aesthetics. Some animals are cute, but Archie -- named after his formal label Architeuthis dux -- is decidedly ugly, a very long, thin, pinkish creature with collapsed eye sockets the size of dinner plates. Only a restaurateur could love Archie, you would have thought, "You could get about 600 portions of calamari out of him," admitted one particularly pragmatic member of museum staff. Nevertheless, he is gazed upon in silent awe by visitors.
"We have always been intrigued with wildlife, of course, but it is true that the public's appetite only seems to be growing," said Richard Lane, the museum's director of science. "The real irony is that, just as we are discovering more and more new species, about 15,000 a year, we are killing off other species at an equivalent rate because of habitat destruction and climate change."
There are 1.7 million species so far discovered by scientists, most of whom believe there could be up to 10million in total on Earth.
Among discoveries made in the last few weeks are a new species of rodent called Kha-Nyou (the name given to it by local people in central Laos); a marine worm called Osedax mucofloris which translates, rather beautifully, as the bone- eating snot-flower; a golden-mantled tree kangaroo, found in Indonesia's Papua province; Berlepsch's six-wired bird of paradise, known to the Victorians but a mystery to modern ornithologists; and the world's smallest vertebrate, a species of fish called Paedocypris progenetica. This last wonder, a mere 8mm long, is smaller than a fly and was discovered on Sumatra by an international team that included museum researcher Ralf Britz.
"It's great when you discover something," he said, "especially when it is a creature as tiny and bizarre as this one. But for every day you spend in the field looking for new animals, you have to spend 20 studying what you bring back and working out its relationships with other creatures."
The Natural History Museum provides a home to 70 million different specimens. In terms of biodiversity, there is nothing else like it. In the Darwin Centre, and in the museum's vaults, millions of insects lie pinned to pieces of cardboard, while there is rack after rack of bottles of formaldehyde filled with snakes, dolphins, frogs, dogs, cats, apes and countless other creatures. These specimens are the gold standards of the animal world and provide the basic data that have allowed scientists to unravel the history of natural selection on Earth.
At present, however, Archie is the star of the show. There in a long, thin, perspex tank lies the animal known in legend as the "Kraken", which has featured in a host of adventure stories including 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and Doctor No. But how long he will retain his number one billing, it is hard to say. Just to one side of his tank, a cylinder contains a 4ft fish: a coelacanth, once thought to have become extinct millions of years ago but discovered-to great media attention - in the Indian Ocean in 1938. Today it gathers dust, while Architeuthis dux hogs the limelight.
1小題>
The message the reception staff at the Natural History Museum wanted to pass is that ______.
A only readers of a book on natural history can see the squid
B they would plead with future visitors to come to see the squid
C future visitors should book in advance before they come to see the squid
D future visitors won't be allowed in the museum before they book
2小題>
Most of the visitors who came to the museum ______.
A went on guided tours in the museum building without seeing the squid
B had seen the squid on TV before they came to the museum
C saw the squid without being guided by the museum staff
D could hardly accept the news that they couldn't see the squid
3小題>
The public ______.
A has shown unusual enthusiasm to the giant squid
B is no longer wondering about the natural world
C expected more natural history programs on TV
D would be bored with any zoological discovery
4小題>
Where was Archie found?
5小題>
What is the name of the program hosted by David Attenborough?
6小題>
How could we describe the feeling people have towards animals?
7小題>
What destroy(s) wildlife? Name one reason.
8小題>
Ralf Britz felt great when he discovered the ______.
9小題>
It usually takes researchers ______ to figure out what they have found in one- day time.
10小題>
The 70 million specimens kept in the Natural History Museum could serve as ______ for scientists to study the animal world.
11小題>
Archie, the star giant squid, still stays on the top of ______.
12小題>
The 4ft fish which was discovered in 1938 attracted ______.
第 2 題：Reading Comprehension(子母填空):
Quantum World
If successful scientific theories can be thought of as cures for stubborn problems, quantum physics was the wonder drug of the 20th century. It successfully explained phenomena such as radioactivity and antimatter, and no other theory can match its description of how light and particles behave on small scales.
But it can also be mind-bending. Quantum objects can exist in multiple states and places at the same time, requiring a mastery of statistics to describe them. Rife with uncertainty and riddled with paradoxes, the theory has been criticised for casting doubt on the notion of an objective reality -- a concept many physicists, including Albert Einstein, have found hard to swallow.
Today, scientists are grappling with these philosophical conundrums, trying to harness quantum's bizarre properties to advance technology, and struggling to weave quantum physics and general relativity into a seamless theory of quantum gravity.
The birth of an idea
Quantum theory began to take shape in the early 20th century, when classical ideas failed to explain some observations. Previous theories allowed atoms to vibrate at any frequency, leading to incorrect predictions that they could radiate infinite amounts of energy -- a problem known as the ultraviolet catastrophe.
In 1900, Max Planck solved this problem by assuming atoms can vibrate only at specific, or quantised, frequencies. Then, in 1905, Einstein cracked the mystery of the photoelectric effect, whereby light falling on metal releases electrons of specific energies. The existing theory of light as waves failed to explain the effect, but Einstein provided a neat solution by suggesting light came in discrete packages of energy called photons -- a brain wave that won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
Quantum weirdness
In fact, light's chameleon -- like ability to behave as either a particle or a wave, depending on the experimental setup, has long stymied scientists. Danish physicist Niels Bohr explained this wave-particle duality by doing away with the concept of a reality separate from one's observations. In his "Copenhagen interpretation", Bohr argued that the very act of measurement affects what we observe.
One controversial experiment recently challenged this either/or scenario of light by apparently detecting evidence of both wave- and particle-like behaviour simultaneously. The work suggests there may be no such thing as photons light appears quantised only because of the way it interacts with matter.
Other interpretations of quantum theory of which there are at least half a dozen deal with the measurement problem by suggesting even more far-fetched concepts than .a universe dependent on measurement. The popular many worlds interpretation suggests quantum objects display several behaviours because they inhabit an infinite number of parallel universes. Uncertainty rules
For about 70 years, this wave-particle duality was explained by another unsettling tenet of quantum theory the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Formulated by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 and recently made more precise, the theory puts an upper limit on knowledge. It says one can never know both the position and momentum of a quantum object measuring one invariably changes the other.
Bohr defeated Einstein in a series of thought experiments in the 1920s and 1930s using this principle, but more recent work suggests the underlying cause of the duality seen in experiments is a phenomenon called entanglement.
Entanglement is the idea that in the quantum world, objects are not independent if they have interacted with each other or come into being through the same process. They become linked, or entangled, such that changing one invariably affects the other, no matter how far apart they are something Einstein called "spooky action at a distance".
This may be involved in superconductivity and may even explain why objects have mass. It also holds promise for "teleporting" particles across vast distance assuming everyone agrees on a reference frame. The first teleportation of a quantum state occurred in 1998, and scientists have been gradually entangling more and more particles, different kinds of particles, and large particles.
Secure networks
Entanglement may also provide a nearly uncrackable method of communication. Quantum cryptographers can send "keys" to decode encrypted information using quantum particles. Any attempt to intercept the particles will disturb their quantum state -- an interference that could then be detected.
In April 2004, Austrian financial institutions performed the first money transfer encrypted by quantum keys, and in June, the first encrypted computer network with more than two nodes was set up across 10 kilometres in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.
But keeping quantum particles entangled is a tricky business. Researchers are working on how to maximise the particles' signal and distance travelled. Using a sensitive photon detector, researchers in the UK recently sent encrypted photons down the length of a 100-kilometre fibre optic cable. Researchers in the US devised a scheme to entangle successive clouds of atoms in the hopes of one day making a quantum link between the US cities of Washington, DC, and New York.
Lightning-fast computers
Quantum computers are another long-term goal. Because quantum particles can exist in multiple states at the same time, they could be used to carry out many calculations at once, factoring a 300-digit number in just seconds compared to the years required by conventional computers.
But to maintain their multi-state nature, particles must remain isolated long enough to carry out the calculations -- a very challenging condition. Nonetheless, some progress has been made in this area.
1小題>
Quantum physics ______.
A provided medical cures for persisting problems
B first appeared as a wonder drug in the 20th century
C described some phenomena no other previous theories had ever explored
D gave the best description of some behaviors of light and particles so far
2小題>
Quantum physics is a concept that ______.
A is very difficult to understand
B demands abundant statistics to master
C describes the objective nature of the real world
D has been rejected by many scientists
3小題>
Scientists are ______.
A frustrated by the philosophical problems related to quantum physics
B working to make use of quantum in developing technology
C trying to identify quantum's properties
D struggling to clarify how quantum physics and general relativity could form a new theory
4小題>
According to theories before quantum theory, atomic energy could lead to ______.
5小題>
The contribution Einstein has made is that he discovered the ______, and thus solved the problem with new ideas about light
6小題>
Niel Bohr believed that there is a close correlation between the ______ and ______.
7小題>
Niel Bohr developed his theory by using the ______.
8小題>
Recent studies suggest that quantum objects are ______, hence the duality in experiments.
9小題>
In what field(s) has entanglement been applied in practice?
10小題>
What can be done to improve the implication of entanglement-based communication? Name one.
11小題>
In what aspect could quantum computers surpass conventional computers?
第 3 題：Use of English:
Scientists Say Plants Helped Ants Evolve
Ants evolved far earlier than (1) believed, as far back as 140 million to 168 million years ago -- and they have plants to (2) for their diversity, U.S. researchers reported on Thursday.
Researchers at Harvard University used a genetic clock to reconstruct the history of ants, and found that the ant family (3) arose more than 40 million years (4) than previously thought. The family did not diversify into different genera and species (5) flowering plants came (6) the scene, they said.
The study sheds light on one of the (7) important and numerous animals, which includes hundreds of (8) species.
"We (9) that ant diversification took off (10) 100 million years ago, along with the rise of flowering plants, the angiosperms," Naomi Pierce, a professor of biology who (11) the study, said in a statement.
"These (12) provided ants with new habitats (13) in the forest canopy and in the more complex leaf litter on the forest floor, and the herbivorous insects that evolved alongside flowering plants provided food for (14) ."
Writing in Friday's (15) of the journal Science, the researchers said they reconstructed the ant family tree (16) DNA sequencing of six genes from 139 ant genera, encompassing 19 of 20 ant subfamilies around the world.
Such "molecular clocks" are (17) used, alongside fossil and other evidence, to (18) how old species are. They work on the basis that DNA mutates at a steady and calculable (19) .
"Ants are a dominant feature of nearly all terrestrial ecosystems, and yet we know surprisingly little about their evolutionary history: the major groupings of ants, how they are (20) to each other, and when and how they arose," said graduate student Corrie Moreau.
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6小題>
7小題>
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11小題>
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17小題>
18小題>
19小題>
20小題>
第一題：
(1)正確答案：C
答案解析：
Paragraph 1: "Please, please tell your readers they cannot come to see the squid unless they book," pleaded one.即只有預(yù)訂的參觀者才能看到巨魷。選項D的意思是只有預(yù)訂的參觀者才能進博物館，這是干擾選項。
(2)正確答案：D
答案解析：
Paragraph 3: The rest had to do without—and judging from the looks of museum staff, this news often went down badly. Without后面的意思補充完整就是"without seeing the 30ft behemoth"。
(3)正確答案：A
答案解析：
Paragraph 4: The intensity of the public's response to Archie's arrival has been extraordinary….
(4)正確答案：
Off/near Falkland Islands
答案解析：
Paragraph 5: …the news that the most complete giant squid ever found (off the Falkland Islands)…
(5)正確答案：Planet Earth
答案解析：Paragraph 5: …BBC1's latest David Attenborough extravaganza, Planet Earth, tonight.
(6)正確答案：reverent/besotted/intrigued
答案解析： Paragraph 4: …and the reverence we feel for our fellow creatures. 此處按照問題“How could we describe the feeling…”要求，應(yīng)使用形容詞，故將名詞reverence改為形容詞reverent。Paragraph 5: We are becoming ever more besotted with animals, it appears. Paragraph 7: We have always been intrigued with wildlife, of course….
(7)正確答案：habitat destroyed/climate change
答案解析：Paragraph 7: …we are killing off other species at an equivalent rate because of habitat destruction and climate change.
(8)正確答案：world's smallest vertebrate/a species of fish/Paedocypris progenetica
答案解析：Paragraph 9: …and the world's smallest vertebrate, a species of fish called Paedocypris progenetica. This last wonder, a mere 8mln long, is smaller than a fly and was discovered on Sumatra by an international team that included museum researcher Ralf Britz. 句子中This last wonder即指前面的Paedocypris progenetica。
(9)正確答案：20 days
答案解析：Paragraph 10: But for every day you spend in the field looking for new animals, you have to spend 20 studying what you bring back and work out its relationships with other creatures.
(10)正確答案：gold standard/basic data
答案解析：Paragraph 11: These specimens are the gold standards of the animal world and provide the basic data that have allowed scientists to unravel the history of natural selection on Earth.
(11)正確答案：billing
答案解析：Paragraph 12: But how long he will retain his number one billing, it is hard to say.
(12)正確答案：great media attention
答案解析：Paragraph 12: …contains a 4ft fish: a coelacanth, once thought to have become extinct millions of years ago but discovered—to great media attention—in the Indian Ocean in 1938.
第二題：
(1)正確答案：D
答案解析：Paragraph 1: …and no other theory can match its description of how light and particles behave on small scales.
(2)正確答案：A
答案解析：Paragraph 2: But it can also be mind-bending.
(3)正確答案：B
答案解析：Paragraph 3: scientists are…trying to harness quantum's bizarre properties to advance technology, …
(4)正確答案：ultraviolet catastrophe
答案解析：Paragraph 4: Previous theories allowed atoms to vibrate at any frequency, leading to incorrect predictions that they could radiate infinite amounts of energy-a problem known as the ultraviolet catastrophe. 注意不要被問題和原文里lead to的使用所誤導(dǎo)，問題所在的句子主語是atomic energy，而原文中動詞短語lead to的主語是previous theories。
(5)正確答案：photoelectric effect
答案解析：Paragraph 5: Then, in 1905, Einstein cracked the mystery of the photoelectric effect, whereby light falling on metal releases electrons of specific energies. The existing theory of light as waves failed to explain the effect, but Einstein provided a neat solution by suggesting…
(6)正確答案：(the) act of measurement, one's observation/what we observe
答案解析：Paragraph 6: In his "Copenhagen interpretation", Bohr argued that the very act of measurement affects what we observe.
(7)正確答案：Heisenberg uncertainty principle
答案解析：Paragraph 10: Bohr defeated Einstein in a series of thought experiments in the 1920s and 1930s using this principle,…這里的this principle指的是上一段的Heisenberg uncertainty principle。
(8)正確答案：linked/entangled
答案解析：Paragraph 11: Entanglement is the idea that in the quantum world, objects…They become linked, or entangled,…代詞They指quantum objects。
(9)正確答案：finance/money transfer/computer network
答案解析：Paragraph 14: In April 2004, Austrian financial institutions performed the first money transfer encrypted by quantum keys, and in June, the first encrypted computer network with more than two nodes was set up across 10 kilometres in Cambridge，Massachusetts, US.
(10)正確答案：Maximise particles' signal/distance travelled
答案解析：Paragraph 15: But keeping quantum particles entangled is a tricky business. Researchers are working on how to maximise the particles' signal and distance travelled.
(11)正確答案：fast calculation
答案解析：Paragraph 16: …they could be used to carry out many calculations at once, …compared to the years required by conventional computers.
第三題：
(1)正確答案：previously
答案解析：這個表達方式也可參照本文第二段第一句話末尾的表達“…than previously thought”。
(2)正確答案：thank
答案解析：thank for是常見短語，表達因果關(guān)系。
(3)正確答案：first
(4)正確答案：earlier
答案解析：空格后的than提示此處應(yīng)使用形容詞比較級形式。
(5)正確答案：until
答案解析：not…until…的用法。
(6)正確答案：on/onto
答案解析：on (onto) the scene是常見搭配。
(7)正確答案：most
答案解析：空格前有定冠詞the，空格后是形容詞important，此處是多音節(jié)形容詞最高級的形式。
(8)答案:different
答案解析：空格后是名詞，空格前是表達數(shù)量的hundreds of，此處需要一個能修飾限定名詞的成分，應(yīng)該是另一個名詞或一個形容詞。
(9)答案:estimate
(10)答案:approximately/around
答案解析：
第九題和第十題可互相參考。第十題空格后是表示年代長短的數(shù)字，這個長度常理應(yīng)該是無法確定精確年份的，所以考慮使用表達“大至，大概”的詞，那么這個數(shù)字也就是估測的數(shù)字。
(11)答案:led
答案解析：從文章第一段結(jié)尾和第二段開頭"…U.S. researchers reported Thursday."，"Researchers at Harvard University…"可見進行此研究項目應(yīng)該是多人組成的研究小組作的，所以此處選用led比較合適。
(12)答案:plants
答案解析：空格前是代詞these，據(jù)此推斷空格處應(yīng)選擇上文提到的事件。
(13)答案:both
答案解析：空格后足由并列連接詞and連接的兩個表達位置的短語in the forest canopy和in the more complex leaf litter on the forest floor，此處應(yīng)選擇能表達“兩個都”意義的詞。
(14)答案:ants
答案解析：整個一段是山and連接的兩個并列分句，前半部分"These plants provided ants with new habitats"，后半部分主要結(jié)構(gòu)是"the herbivorous insects provided food for…"，即植物為ants提供新的棲息地，而植食性昆蟲(herbivorous insects)為其提供食物。
(15)答案:issue
(16)答案:using
(17)答案:widely
答案解析：be widely used是常見表達方式。
(18)答案:determine
(19)答案:rate
答案解析：at a rate的用法。
(20)答案:related
答案解析：be related to的用法。
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