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公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)閱讀理解文章附翻譯
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公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)閱讀理解文章一
The modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.
All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; they form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small —— often so small that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.
The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives. (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel's body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.
當(dāng)今時(shí)代是電氣時(shí)代。人們對(duì)電燈、收音機(jī)、電視和電話早已司空見(jiàn)慣以致很難想象沒(méi)有它們生活會(huì)變成什么樣。當(dāng)停電時(shí)，人們?cè)趽u曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索;因沒(méi)有紅綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑不前;冰箱也停止工作，導(dǎo)致食物變質(zhì)。人們只是在兩個(gè)世紀(jì)前一點(diǎn)才開(kāi)始了解電的使用原理，自然界卻顯然在這方面經(jīng)歷過(guò)了數(shù)百萬(wàn)年�？茖W(xué)家不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)許多生物世界里可能有益于人類的關(guān)于電的`有趣秘密。所有生物細(xì)胞都會(huì)發(fā)出微小的電脈沖。當(dāng)心臟跳動(dòng)時(shí)，把它發(fā)出的脈沖記錄下來(lái)就成了心電圖，這可讓醫(yī)生了解心臟的工作狀況。大腦也發(fā)出腦電波，這可在腦電圖上記錄下來(lái)。許多生物細(xì)胞發(fā)出的電流都是極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測(cè)量。但一些動(dòng)物的某些肌肉細(xì)胞能轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)個(gè)發(fā)電機(jī)，以致完全失去肌肉細(xì)胞的功能。這種細(xì)胞大量地連接在一起時(shí)產(chǎn)生的效果將是非常令人吃驚的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。它可以在水中發(fā)出相當(dāng)于800伏特電壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有120伏特)。在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細(xì)胞都專門用來(lái)發(fā)電，而且發(fā)出的電流的強(qiáng)度大約和它身體的長(zhǎng)度成正比。
公共英語(yǔ)一級(jí)閱讀理解文章二
Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the"system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else. If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.
價(jià)格決定資源的使用方式。價(jià)格也是有限的產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)在買方中的配給手段。美國(guó)的價(jià)格系統(tǒng)是復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)狀系統(tǒng)，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中一切產(chǎn)品買賣的價(jià)格，也包括名目繁多的各種服務(wù)，諸如勞動(dòng)力、專職人員、交通運(yùn)輸、公共事業(yè)等服務(wù)的價(jià)格。所有這些價(jià)格的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系構(gòu)成了價(jià)格系統(tǒng)。任何一種個(gè)別產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的價(jià)格都與這個(gè)龐大而復(fù)雜的系統(tǒng)密切相關(guān)，而且或多或少地受到系統(tǒng)中其它成份的制約。如果隨機(jī)挑選一群人，問(wèn)問(wèn)他們?nèi)绾味x"價(jià)格"，許多人會(huì)回答價(jià)格就是根據(jù)賣方提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)，買方向其付出的.錢數(shù)。換句話說(shuō)，價(jià)格就是市場(chǎng)交易中大家認(rèn)同的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的貨幣量。該定義就其本身來(lái)說(shuō)自有其道理。但要獲得對(duì)價(jià)格在任何一樁交易中的完整認(rèn)識(shí)，就必須考慮到大量"非貨幣"因素的影響。買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量，交易的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對(duì)交易物的質(zhì)量保證、交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。也就是說(shuō)，為了能估算索價(jià)，買賣雙方必須通曉構(gòu)成交易物價(jià)格的通盤細(xì)節(jié)。
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