初中英語八種時(shí)態(tài)匯總訓(xùn)練
時(shí)態(tài)在英語學(xué)習(xí)中是最基礎(chǔ)的部分，為了幫助大家更好備考初中英語， 下面是yjbys網(wǎng)小編提供給大家關(guān)于初中英語八種時(shí)態(tài)匯總訓(xùn)練，希望對(duì)大家的備考有所幫助。
一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)除主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞要加s外，一律用動(dòng)詞原形。
例句：
I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)去上學(xué)。
Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。
The sun rises in the east. 太陽(yáng)從東方升起。
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 我在小學(xué)就學(xué)過地球是圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)的。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必?cái) ?/p>
(二)時(shí)態(tài)詳解
主要用于下面幾情況：
1) 描述當(dāng)前時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
在這種情景中，句子常帶有表示頻率的時(shí)間狀語：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc.) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是習(xí)慣性的、經(jīng)常性的。例如：
They raise ducks as a sideline .他們以養(yǎng)鴨為副業(yè)。
She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常給家里寫信，僅一月一封而已。
I cycle to work every day .我每天騎自行車上班。
It seldom rains here .這兒很少下雨。
2)僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征、能力等等。
這里的目的是為了"描述現(xiàn)階段的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)"，其重點(diǎn)"不是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間、或進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)"。例如：
He can speak five foreign languages .他能說五種外語。
That is a beautiful city .那是座美麗的城市。
Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 長(zhǎng)江是世界上最長(zhǎng)的河流之一。
She majors in music .她主修音樂。
All my family love football .我全家人都喜歡足球。
My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹總是樂于助人。
3) 陳述客觀事實(shí)、客觀真理。
顧名思義，客觀的情況是"沒有時(shí)間概念"的;也"不會(huì)在意動(dòng)作進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)"。例如：
The sun rises in the east .日出東方。
The earth goes around the sun .地球繞著太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)。
Ten minus two is eight.十減二等于八。
Light travels faster than sound .光的速度比聲音的速度快。
The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. 美國(guó)位于太平洋西岸。
4) 根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)定，當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)，那么時(shí)間或條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)來表示將來要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回來時(shí)，我將告訴他這個(gè)消息。
If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.
如果你接受這份工作，他們將和你談?wù)劶?xì)節(jié)。
用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的副詞，除了上面提到的一些表示頻率的以外，常見的還有：now, today , nowadays等等。
(三)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示過去
1. 用于某些動(dòng)詞(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不確定的過去時(shí)間。如：
I hear that he got married last month. 我聽說他上個(gè)月結(jié)婚了。
Mary says you told her to come over here. 瑪麗說是你讓她到這兒來的。
2. 當(dāng)要陳述一個(gè)客觀事實(shí)時(shí)，有時(shí)即使有過去時(shí)間狀語也可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。如：
The story is set in the summer of 1937. 故事的背景是1937年夏天。
The story begins in the year 1937. 故事開始于1937年。
二、一般過去時(shí)
(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)
一般過去時(shí)用動(dòng)詞的過去式構(gòu)成，即在動(dòng)詞原形后加ed。
例句：
He was here just now. 他剛才還在這里。
What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?
We often played together when we were children. 我們小時(shí)候常在一起玩。
He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他過去經(jīng)常抽煙，但現(xiàn)在不抽了。
Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每當(dāng)我們遇到困難，他都會(huì)幫助我們。
At that time she was very good at English. 那時(shí)她英語學(xué)得很好。
He said he would wait until they came back.
(二)時(shí)態(tài)詳解
主要是用來描述在過去某個(gè)時(shí)候發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。它也可以用來表示在過去某段時(shí)間里經(jīng)常發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。這一點(diǎn)在表達(dá)意義上與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)相同，只是所在的時(shí)間區(qū)域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此，所以在使用一般過去時(shí)的句子里常常有一個(gè)意義較具體的過去時(shí)間狀語。這也是它與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的最大區(qū)別之一。
一般過去時(shí)由謂語動(dòng)詞的過去式表示，也就是說動(dòng)詞詞末要加-ed(除不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞外)。常和一般過去時(shí)連用的過去時(shí)間狀語有：last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning ( afternoon , evening ) , in 1999 , two hours ago ( one week ago , tree years ago , …)等等。
使用一般過去時(shí)，在某種意義上說就是要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生或存在于過去的某個(gè)時(shí)候。"過去"的時(shí)間概念有兩層意思：一是指"現(xiàn)在某個(gè)時(shí)間"以前的時(shí)間;二是指"說話、寫文章的那個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)"以前的時(shí)間，在這個(gè)意義上，"現(xiàn)在的那個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)"是很小很小的，甚至于小到無法量化的程度。例如：
He got his driving license last month. 他上個(gè)月拿到了駕照。
--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里?
--He just went out.他剛剛出去。
(三)一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在
(1) 在賓語從句中，由于時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系，可用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在：
I didn’t know you were here. 我不知道你在這兒。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)
I didn’t know you were so busy.我沒想到你這么忙。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)
(2) 表示客氣委婉的現(xiàn)在：
I wondered if you were free this evening. 不知您今晚是否有空。
I thought you might like some flowers. 我想您也許想要些花。
【注】能這樣有的動(dòng)詞主要限于want, wonder, think, hope, intend等少數(shù)動(dòng)詞。
(3) 用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中表示現(xiàn)在：
It’s time we started. 我們?cè)搫?dòng)身了。
I wish I knew his name. 要是我知道他的名字就好了。
I’d rather you lived closer to us. 我希望你能住得離我們近點(diǎn)。
【注】該用法主要用于 it’s time, I wish, I’d rather, if only, as if, as though 等少數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)后接從句的情形，其中有些結(jié)構(gòu)后面的句子還可用一般過去時(shí)表示將來：
I’d rather you came next Monday. 我寧愿你下周星期一來。
另外表主觀想法的虛擬條件句也用一般過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在：
If I had the money now I’d buy a car. 假若我現(xiàn)在有錢，我就買輛小汽車。
三、一般將來時(shí)
(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)
由 will 加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，當(dāng)主語是第一人稱時(shí)，也可以用 shall 加動(dòng)詞原形。
例如：
Telephone me this evening. I’ll be at home. 今晚給我打電話，我會(huì)在家。
I’ll (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。
The car won’t start. 車開不了啦。
Oil and water will not mix. 油和水沒法混在一起。
(二)時(shí)態(tài)詳解
主要用來描述將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在于未來的情況。這里所說的“將來時(shí)間”是指“說話、寫文章那一刻以后的時(shí)間”。它的表示方法主要有如下幾種：
1)shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形這種表示方法是說，動(dòng)作在現(xiàn)在或目前還未發(fā)生，要在將來的某個(gè)時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生;它沒有主觀性，是“純粹的將來動(dòng)作”。例如：
I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天沒空。
He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵達(dá)這里。
2) be( am / is / are ) + going +不定式
這種表示方法主要是說明 A)“說話人的意圖、打算”;B)“某種可能性”。例如：
A) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在倫敦度假。
Who is going to speak first? 誰先發(fā)言?
B) It is going to rain soon .馬上要下雨了。
Is he going to collect any data for us? 他會(huì)幫我們收集資料嗎?
If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place. 如果你去新西蘭，你會(huì)喜歡上那個(gè)地方的。
3) be( am / is / are ) + 不定式表示方法描述兩鐘情況：
按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間一般不會(huì)很遠(yuǎn); 要求或命令他人做某事。例如：
A) The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days. 新橋三天后通車。
The factory is to go into production before National Day. 這家工廠國(guó)慶節(jié)前投產(chǎn)。
B) You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room . 任何移動(dòng)通訊工具都不得帶入考場(chǎng)。
You are to stay home until your mother comes back. 你媽回來之前你不要出去。
4) 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(限于某些動(dòng)詞)表示按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事。主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“按計(jì)劃安排要發(fā)生的事”。例如：
Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下車嗎?
The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m. 那架飛機(jī)上午十一點(diǎn)起飛。
Mr. Reider is leaving for New York next week. 里德先生下周動(dòng)身去紐約。
(三)表示將來的五種常用非時(shí)態(tài)方式
1. “be+不定式”：表示命令、安排、傾向或必須、義務(wù)等。如：
She is to play Juliet. 她扮演朱麗葉。
You are to make the necessary changes. 你要做出必要的改變。
2. “be about to + 不定式”：表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，有“即將”的意思，但不能和具體的時(shí)間狀語連用。如：
The package is about to come unwrapped. 那個(gè)包快散開了。
3. “be going + 不定式”：表示按計(jì)劃或安排打算去做某事，或表示有跡象表明要發(fā)生某事。如：
We are going to call her this evening. 我們打算今晚給她打電話。
My sister’s going to have a baby this summer. 我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。
4. 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來：主要表示按規(guī)定或時(shí)間預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的事。如：
The students are leaving on Sunday. 學(xué)生們星期日出發(fā)。
We’re having a party next week. 我們下星期將開一個(gè)晚會(huì)。
5. 用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來：表示按規(guī)定或時(shí)間預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的事。如：
We have a holiday tomorrow. 我們明天放假。
The train leaves at 10:04 this evening. 火車今晚10:04分開。
四、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由 am/is/are 加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。
例句：
They’re having a meeting. 他們?cè)陂_會(huì)。
I’m studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。
Mike is coming home on Thursday. 邁克星期四回來。
They’re having a party next week. 下星期他們將開一個(gè)晚會(huì)。
You’re always interrupting me! 你老打斷我的話!(抱怨)
My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丟車鑰匙。(不滿)
She’s always helping people. 她老是幫助別人。(贊揚(yáng))
(二)時(shí)態(tài)詳解
主要用來描述“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，或是“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。它適用于下面的情況：
1)“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
They are having a football match .他們正在賽足球。
She is writing her term paper. 她正在寫學(xué)期論文。
Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你聽電話。
2)“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。這種情況并不是說某個(gè)動(dòng)作在說話的那會(huì)兒正在發(fā)生，而是說某個(gè)動(dòng)作在當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行著，或是重復(fù)地發(fā)生著。例如：
He is preparing for CET Band Six. 他在為大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試作準(zhǔn)備。
How are you getting along with your new job? 你那份新工作干得怎么樣?
3)表示說話人的情感，如：贊許、批評(píng);喜歡、厭惡等。這時(shí)的動(dòng)作并不是正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行，而是表示經(jīng)常性，相當(dāng)于“一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)”所描述的情況。例如：
He is always thinking of others , not of himself . (表示贊許)他總是為他人著想，而不為自己。
She is often doing well at school. (表示滿意)她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯(cuò)的。
Are you feeling better today? (表示親切)你今天覺得好一些嗎?
One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.(表示不滿)我的一個(gè)室友老是亂扔?xùn)|西。
Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .(表示不喜歡)有些推銷員老是敲我家的門,向我們推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。
4)表示在近期按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的.動(dòng)作,用于這種情況僅限于少量的動(dòng)詞，如：go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch( 吃午飯 ) , return, dine ( 進(jìn)餐，尤指晚餐 ) , work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear( 穿，戴 ) 等。例如：
I'm dinning out with my friends this evening. 今晚我將和朋友在外面吃飯。
An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon. 今天下午一位美國(guó)教授要來作報(bào)告。
We are having a holiday next Wednesday. 下周三我們放假。
Are you staying here till next week? 你要在這兒呆到下星期嗎?
(三)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來，主要表示按計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作：
I’m leaving tomorrow. 我明天走。
They’re getting married next month. 他們下個(gè)月結(jié)婚。
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)均可表示將來，區(qū)別是：用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來，其計(jì)劃性較強(qiáng)，并往往暗示一種意圖;而一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來，則其客觀性較強(qiáng)，即通常被視為客觀事實(shí)，多指按時(shí)刻表或規(guī)定要發(fā)生的情況：
I’m not going out this evening. 今晚我不準(zhǔn)備出去。
What time does the train leave? 火車什么時(shí)候開?
五、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
(一)基本結(jié)構(gòu)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由 was/were 加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。
例如：
What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候你在做什么?
During the summer of 1999 she was travelling in Europe. 1999年夏天她在歐洲旅行。
He said he was leaving for home in a day or two. 他說他一兩天之內(nèi)就動(dòng)身回家了。
She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到別人。(贊揚(yáng))
She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厭煩)
I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看報(bào)，突然門鈴響了。
Jim burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. 吉姆做飯時(shí)把手燙了。
I met Diana while I was shopping this morning. 我今早買東西時(shí)碰到了戴安娜。
I was doing my homework while he was listening to music. 我在做作業(yè)而他在聽音樂。
(二)時(shí)態(tài)詳解
主要表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。由于它的定義是表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，所以，句子常帶有一個(gè)表示“過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語。這個(gè)狀語可能是短語，詞組，或是一個(gè)從句。也可能是通過上下文來表達(dá)這層意思。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)主要用于下面的情景中：
1)表示在過去某時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，例如：
At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候，我正在收拾東西去露營(yíng)。
When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我來看她的時(shí)候，她正在寫一篇文章。
What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八點(diǎn)鐘你在做什么?
2)用于故事的開頭，交代故事發(fā)生的背景情況。
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)所描述的動(dòng)作是“正在進(jìn)行”，所以，在這種情景中用“過去進(jìn)行時(shí)”可以給讀者一種“動(dòng)感”，從而能使文章更加生動(dòng)活潑。例如：
One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity … .一天晚上，他正在書房里打字。突然，一個(gè)人闖進(jìn)屋來，切斷了電源……
3)(僅限少數(shù)動(dòng)詞)表示在過去的未來時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：
When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday .國(guó)慶節(jié)即將來臨的時(shí)候，他們開始制訂度假計(jì)劃。
She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告訴我她將去海南度假。
My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day .我朋友對(duì)我說，他今天要與他的一位客戶一塊兒吃午飯。
We left there when it's getting dark. 天快黑的時(shí)候，我們離開了那兒。
(三)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在
用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，主要是為了使語氣委婉、客氣。如：
I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否讓我搭一下車。
We were hoping you would stay with us. 我們很希望你能跟我們住在一起。
How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生，您打算花多少錢?
注：一般過去時(shí)也有類似用法，但比較而言，用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)顯得更客氣，更不肯定。
六、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成：助動(dòng)詞have (has) + 動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
注：has 用于第三人稱單數(shù)，have 用于其他所有人稱。
2.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法：
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。通常與表示包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間副詞just，already, before, yet, never, ever等狀語連用。例如：
① I have never heard of that before.
�、� Have you ever ridden a horse?
�、� She has already finished the work.
�、� Have you milked the cow yet? Yes, I have done that already.
�、� I’ve just lost my science book.
有時(shí)沒有時(shí)間狀語;多是一般疑問句。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。可以和表示從過去某一時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi))的一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。 如：for和since，以及 so far, now, today, this week(month, year) 等。
�、� I haven’t seen her these days.
② She has learnt English for 3 years.
�、� They have lived here since 1990.
④ What has happened to the USA in the last 350 years?
注意：表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞，如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成時(shí)不能與for, since等表示一段時(shí)間的短語連用。
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作，例如：
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park.
(4) have been (to)和have gone (to)的區(qū)別：
★have / has been (to) 表示“曾經(jīng)去過”某地，說話時(shí)此人很可能不在那里，已經(jīng)回來。側(cè)重指經(jīng)歷。
★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已經(jīng)去了”某地，說話時(shí)此人在那里，或可能在路上，反正不在這里。
試比較：
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去過北京。
(人已回來，可能在這兒)
He has gone to Beijing. 他已經(jīng)去了北京。
(人已走，不在這兒)。
一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)之比較
1)過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。
◎ 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語。
◎ 共同的時(shí)間狀語有：this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately等。
◎ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語有：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 等不確定的時(shí)間狀語。
請(qǐng)大家認(rèn)真分析比較下列各例句：
I saw this film yesterday.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。)
I have seen this film.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。)
She has returned from Paris.
(她已從巴黎回來了。)
She returned yesterday.
(她是昨天回來了。)
He has been in the League for three years.
(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He joined the League three years ago.
( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)
注意：句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。例如：
(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1) 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。
He has completed the work.
他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)
I've known him since then.
我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2) 用于till / until 從句的差異：
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” ;瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題：
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B ;首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. --- I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
--- Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A ; 等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
七、過去完成時(shí)的用法
1、概念：表示過去的過去。
-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
其結(jié)構(gòu)是：had + 過去分詞
2、過去完成時(shí)的用法：
(1)過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或者某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);句中常用by, before, until, when等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
(2)過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可以表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或者持續(xù)下去。
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
(3)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
(4)在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
(5)表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
(6)過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
用一般過去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)
1) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。
When she saw the mouse，she screamed.
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
2) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。
When I heard the news, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
-----------|----------------|--------------------|---->時(shí)間
過去 那時(shí)所遇見的情況 現(xiàn)在
八、一般過去將來時(shí)
一、基本概念：
過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。它是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，即立足于過去某時(shí)，從過去的某一時(shí)間看即將發(fā)生的事情就要用這一時(shí)態(tài)。
1) He said his mother would buy a bike for him
2) My brother told me he wouldn’t believe Jack any more.
3) Would it be all right if he knew his illness?
二、基本形式：
would/should+動(dòng)詞原形
(其中 would 用于各種人稱， should 常用于第一人稱)。
例如：
They were sure they would win the final victory.
他們堅(jiān)信會(huì)贏得最后勝利。
He didn't expect that we should(would)all be there.
他沒想到我們都在那里。
上述兩個(gè)例句中的賓語從句謂語 would win 和 should(would)be 分別與其主句謂語 were sure 和 didn't expect 相對(duì)應(yīng)。
三、過去將來時(shí)的一些其它表達(dá)形式：
1.was/were+going to+動(dòng)詞原形
He said he was going to try.
他說他準(zhǔn)備試試。
2.was/were+to+動(dòng)詞原形
They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day.
他們說這條鐵路將在五一節(jié)通車。
3.was/were about+動(dòng)詞原形
We were about to go out when it began to rain.
我們正要出去天(突然)下起雨來。
4.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(一般多為動(dòng)作概念較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)詞，如 go，come， leave，start， open，begin 等)也可用于表示將來。
I didn't know when they were coming again.
我不知道他們什么時(shí)候再來。
四、用法注意點(diǎn)：
1.在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，常用一般過去時(shí)來表示過去將來時(shí)。例如：
He said he would come to see you when he had time.
他說他有時(shí)間就來看望你。
2.“would+動(dòng)詞原形”可表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。此時(shí)，不管什么人稱，都可用would。
When he was a child he would get up early.
他年幼時(shí)，總是很早起床。
考例精練：
1. The old man _____ two days after he had been sent to hospital.
A. died B. would die C. had died D. has died
2. Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but soon ______ to his old ways.
A. returned B. returns C. was returning D. had returned
3. I _____ my son _____ a doctor, but he wasn’t good enough at science.
A. hoped; would become B. had hoped; would become
C. had hoped; will become D. hope; will become
4. I _____ to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
A. hope B. have hoped C. had hoped D. hoped
5. Helen _____ her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _____ home.
A. has left; comes B. left; had come
C. had left; came D. had left; would come
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