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2017年成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀題專(zhuān)項(xiàng)輔導(dǎo)
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Women's Changing Roles
女性角色的轉(zhuǎn)變
Since the earliest times, in most parts of the world, men and women have had the same set roles in society.
從最早的時(shí)代，在世界的大部分地區(qū)，男性和女性在社會(huì)有相同的角色設(shè)定。
The norm worldwide has mostly been toward patriarchal societies, that is, societies ruled by men in which men are deferred to as the principal decision makers in both the family and in society as a whole. In patriarchal societies, men take the best jobs, are the breadwinners and control the finance, are treated with the greatest respect and have the greatest access to education.
規(guī)范全球主要是對(duì)父權(quán)制社會(huì)中，這是由人，其中男性是遞延作為主要的決策者在家庭和社會(huì)作為一個(gè)整體社會(huì)統(tǒng)治。在父權(quán)制社會(huì)中，男性以最好的工作，是家庭的經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱，財(cái)務(wù)控制，還受到最大的尊重和有教育的最大訪問(wèn)。
However, throughout history, there have been exceptions. In China, women of the traditional Hui minority hold power in the family and the community, helping to make decisions that everyone benefits from. In Bali, Indonesia, women are treated with far greater respect than in other traditional societies in Asia because of their importance in certain religious duties. In a few societies in Asia and Africa, it is the woman who chooses the man - or sometimes several men - for a partner, not the other way around.
然而，縱觀歷史，也有例外。在中國(guó)，在家庭的傳統(tǒng)回族掌權(quán)婦女和社區(qū)，使每個(gè)人都受益于決策。在巴厘，印度尼西亞，女性患者比其他亞洲傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)更大的尊敬是因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谀承┳诮搪氊?zé)的重要性。在亞洲和非洲的一些國(guó)家，它是誰(shuí)選擇的人——有時(shí)甚至是幾個(gè)人-一個(gè)伴侶的女人，而不是周?chē)钠渌椒ā?/p>
But these are only exceptions and women over history have only slowly been moving away from the treatment still found in some societies in the Middle East. In Saudi Arabia, women. were under the domination of men. A woman is treated as simple possession and is the responsibility of her-father or male relative. A woman is highly restricted in terms of her actions inside and outside the home. She is confined to the house unless escorted; she cannot drive a car, cannot vote and cannot make any decision of importance, including who to marry, without a male relative's permission. Women can be freely beaten in private or in public and, in many cases, even killed as a consequence of offending their husband's or society's values in some way. For lesser offenses, a husband can simply declare "I divorce you" three times for a divorce to be legally binding.
但這些都是歷史上唯一的例外和女性只有慢慢遠(yuǎn)離在中東仍然發(fā)現(xiàn)在一些社會(huì)治療。在沙特阿拉伯，女性。男性的統(tǒng)治下。一個(gè)女人被視為簡(jiǎn)單的財(cái)產(chǎn)和責(zé)任的父親或男性親屬。一個(gè)女人的高度限制在她的行為的內(nèi)部和外部的家園條款。她在家里除非護(hù)送;她不能開(kāi)車(chē)，不能投票和不能做任何重要決定，包括誰(shuí)結(jié)婚，沒(méi)有男性親屬的同意。婦女可以在私人或公共自由打和，在許多情況下，甚至死亡，因此得罪了丈夫的或社會(huì)的一些價(jià)值觀。對(duì)較輕的罪名，丈夫可以簡(jiǎn)單的聲明“我和你離婚”，離婚是具有法律約束力的三倍。
We may consider this backward, but need only to look at recent history to see how similar things were in so-called modern countries such as England and the
我們也許會(huì)認(rèn)為這是落后的，但只需要看看最近的歷史中看到類(lèi)似的事情是在所謂的現(xiàn)代國(guó)家如英國(guó)和
United States. In both these countries, women were, at the beginning of the twentieth century, still rendered the legal possession of their husbands. A woman who married saw any fortune she might have fall into the hands of her husband. A woman could not vote and had little chance of attending university or pursuing any job of importance that might be held by a man.
美國(guó)。在這些國(guó)家中，婦女，在開(kāi)始的第二十個(gè)世紀(jì)，仍然呈現(xiàn)自己的丈夫合法占有。一個(gè)女人結(jié)婚，她會(huì)看到任何財(cái)富落入手中的丈夫。一個(gè)女人可以不投票，參加大學(xué)或從事任何工作的重要性，可能是由一個(gè)人舉行的機(jī)會(huì)很少。
How is it that these roles have been set, and set so widely around the world and throughout history?
它是如何，這些角色已經(jīng)建立，并設(shè)置如此廣泛的世界各地和歷史?
Traditionally, women's role has been set by child birth. Although women are as able-bodied as men and participate equally in most jobs, including heavy labor and going to war, it is only women who can bear and breast-feed babies. In theview of many men, this has meant that women by necessity should be primarily responsible for staying home, raising children and doing the housework.
傳統(tǒng)上，婦女的角色已經(jīng)設(shè)置了孩子的出生。雖然女性身強(qiáng)力壯的男人和平等參與大部分工作，包括重勞動(dòng)和參加戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，只有女人能承受和母乳喂養(yǎng)的嬰兒。在許多人的角度，這意味著女性的首要責(zé)任就是必須呆在家里，撫養(yǎng)孩子和做家務(wù)。
Women who could not control when they were likely to have children, could not be expected to dedicate themselves to a long term education or rise through levels of responsibility in a job. In many cases, once a woman got married, she had to give up her job for the sake of her husband and children and become a housewife. Many women were only hired for jobs on the condition that they sign a written guarantee not to marry.
婦女不能控制時(shí)，他們可能有孩子，不應(yīng)致力于長(zhǎng)期的教育或上升到工作中的責(zé)任感。在許多情況下，當(dāng)一個(gè)女人結(jié)婚，她不得不放棄她的工作，她的丈夫和孩子著想，成為一個(gè)家庭主婦。許多婦女被雇用，他們簽訂書(shū)面保證不結(jié)婚的條件下工作。
It is only in the last 100 years that there has been a shift in the perception of women's roles. People have stopped to consider and question these roles, thinking that they might change. The principal agent of change can be attributed to improved contraception. Once women could reliably control when they would have children, they would have children or just one or two and then decide to re-enter the workforce, continuing with their career.
這是在過(guò)去的100年中，已經(jīng)有女性角色的看法的轉(zhuǎn)變。人們已經(jīng)不再考慮這些問(wèn)題的作用，認(rèn)為他們可能會(huì)改變。主劑的變化可以歸因于改進(jìn)避孕。一旦女人能可靠地控制時(shí)，他們會(huì)有孩子，他們會(huì)有孩子，或只是一個(gè)或兩個(gè)，然后決定重新進(jìn)入勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)，繼續(xù)自己的職業(yè)生涯。
Similarly, women could take larger roles in government and participate more in higher education, getting the degrees necessary for the highest paying jobs. As women professors, women administrators, women business people and women government officials became more common, they in turn became role models for younger women who began to see life beyond making meals and caring for infants.
同樣，婦女可能需要更大的作用在政府和更多地參與高等教育，獲得高薪工作所必需的程度。作為女教授，女管理員，女人的生意人和婦女的政府官員變得更加普遍，他們變成了角色模型的年輕婦女開(kāi)始看到超越做飯生活和照顧嬰兒。
Today, many businesses and other organizations see the sense m accommodating the full participation of women, including those with young children. Laws in many countries allow a woman to take up to a year off work to give birth and spend time with her newbom child without losing her job. Moreover, women are paid a portion of their salary until they re-enter the work place. When they do, they can often take advantage of convenient and low-cost childcare facilities.
今天，許多企業(yè)和其他組織感m收容婦女充分參與，包括那些孩子。在許多國(guó)家的法律允許女人需要一年產(chǎn)假和陪她新生的孩子沒(méi)有失去她的工作。此外，女性支付他們薪水的一部分直到他們進(jìn)入工作場(chǎng)所。當(dāng)他們這樣做，他們通�？梢韵硎芊奖闱页杀镜土耐袃涸O(shè)施。
Each of us has a woman as a mother. As a society, we should give women the respect and opportunities they deserve.
我們每個(gè)人都有一個(gè)女人，作為一個(gè)母親。作為一個(gè)社會(huì)，我們應(yīng)該尊重婦女和應(yīng)得的機(jī)遇。
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