理工類職稱英語試題及答案
第1部分：詞匯選項(第1～15題，每題1分，共15分)
下面每個句子中均有1個詞或短語劃有橫線，請為每處劃線部分確定1個意義最為接近的選項。
1 I'd very much like to know what your aim in life is
A thought B idea
C goal D plan
2 The policemen acted quickly because lives were at stake.
A in danger B in difficulty
C in despair D out of control
3 Practically all animals communicate either through sounds or through soundless codes.
A Certainly B Probably
C Almost D Absolutely
4 Mary rarely speaks to Susan.
A slowly B seldom
C weakly D constantly
5 I'm working with a guy from London.
A teacher B student
C friend D man
6 You'd better put these documents in a safe place
A dark B secure
C guarded D banned
7 The courageous boy has been the subject of massive media coverage
A extensive B continuous
C instant D quick
8 The town is famous for its magnificent buildings
A high-rise B modern
C ancient D splendid
9 The great change of the city astonished all the visitors
A surprised B scared
C excited D moved
10 Jack packed up all the things he had accumulated over the last ten years
A future B far
C past D near
11 Would you please call my husband as soon as possible?
A visit B phone
C consult D invite
12 We had a long conversation about her parents.
A speech B question
C talk D debate
13 The chairman proposed that we stop the meeting
A stated B announced
C demanded D suggested
14 Obviously these people can be relied on in a crisis
A lived on B depended on
C believed in D joined in
15 There is always excitement at the Olympic Games when an athlete breaks a record
A beats B maintains
C matches D tries
第2部分：閱讀判斷(第16～22題，每題1分，共7分)
下面的短文后列出了7個句子，請根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對每個句子做出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確信息，請選擇A;如果該句提供的是錯誤信息，請選擇B;如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請選擇C.
Importance of Children's Oral Health
February is National Children's Dental (牙齒的)Health Month，but in children good oral care is critical every day. The first comprehensive study on the nation's oral health，released recently by the Office of the U.S. Surgeon General，calls dental and oral diseases a “silent epidemic (流行病)，” even in children. The report states that more than 51 million school hours are lost each year to dental-related illness. In fact，a recent study pointed to dental care as the most common unmet health need among American children.
To help counter this，the American Academy of Periodontology (牙周病學)(AAP)is launching an effort to educate children and parents about the prevention of dental diseases in children.
“This is important because oral problems can impact self-esteem for children and lead to problems of eating，speaking and attending to learning，” said Michael McGuire，president of the AAP.
Common dental problems seen in children are cavities (齲洞)and gingivitis (齦牙)，which are found in the majority of U.S. children. “When these problems are not caught early and treated，they can develop into more severe problems and cause unnecessary suffering，” said McGuire “However，much of the time，oral problems are avoidable problems.”
In the Rio Grande Valley in Texas，a group of more than 120 dentists volunteers to deliver dental care to thousands of low-income children each year with its Mobile Dental Unit that travels from school to school.
“According to the Surgeon General's Report，about 37 percent of children have not had a dental visit before starting school，” said McGuire. “When children don't see dentists they miss the opportunity to have problems caught early before they develop into larger，more expensive problems to treat，and parents miss the opportunity to learn how to promote good oral habits in their children.”
16 Only in February should attention be paid to children's oral health
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
17 Dental and oral diseases are common in both adults and children
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
18 Boys miss more school hours each year due to dental-related illness
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
19 Oral problems in children can develop into more severe problems.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
20 Oral problems can not be avoided in any way
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
21 The low-income children are very grateful to the dentists.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
22 Some children have never seen a dentist before starting school.
A Right B Wrong C Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意與完成句子(第23～30題，每題1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2項測試任務(wù)：(1)第23～26題要求從所給的6個選項中為第1～4段每段1選擇個最佳標題;(2)第27～30題要求從所給的6個選項中為每個句子確定1個最佳選項。
Understanding Autism
1 Autism (孤獨癥)is a life-long developmental disability that prevents individuals from properly understanding what they see，hear，and otherwise sense. This results in severe problems of social relationships，communication，and behavior. Individuals with autism have to painstakingly '(費力地)learn normal patterns of speech and communication，and appropriate ways to relate to people，objects，and events，in a similar manner to those who have had a stroke.
2 The cause of autism is still unknown. Some research suggests a physical problem affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the senses. There may be some imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Genetic (遺傳的)factors may sometimes be involved. Autism may indeed result from a combination of several “causes”。
3 Most people with mental retardation (智力遲鈍的)show relatively even skill development. Individuals with autism，however，typically show uneven skill development，with deficits (~欠缺)in certain areas - most frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others - and distinct skills in other areas. It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation or other disorders，since diagnostic (診斷的)confusion may lead to inappropriate and ineffective treatment techniques.
4 In general，individuals with autism perform best at jobs which are structured and involve a degree of repetition. Some people who have autism are working as artists，piano tuners，painters，farm workers，office workers，computer operators，dishwashers，assembly line workers，or employees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.
23 Paragraph 1
24 Paragraph 2
25 Paragraph 3
26 Paragraph 4
A What causes autism?
B How common is autism?
C Does autism occur together with other disabilities?
D Whutism?
F What kinds ofat is the difference between autism and mental retardation?
E What is a jobs can individuals with autism do?
27 Individuals with autism are particularly weak at
28 It is possible that autism happens as a result of
29 Autism and mental retardation should be treated with
30 A typical feature of people with autism is their uneven
A different techniques
B social relationships and communication
C language and information
D several causes working together
E a degree of repetition
F skill development
第4部分：閱讀理解(第31～45題，每題3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個最佳選項。
第一篇 Calling for Safe Celebrations
Last Fourth of July，Pete，a 14-year-old boy，was enjoying the lit-up skies and loud booms from the fireworks (煙花)being set off in his neighborhood. Suddenly，the evening took a terrible turn. A bottle rocket shot into his eye，immediately causing him terrible pain His family rushed him to the emergency room for treatment. As a result of the injury，Pete developed glaucoma (青光眼)and cataracts (白內(nèi)障)。 Today，Pete has permanent vision loss in his injured eye because of his bottle rocket injury.
June is Fireworks Eye Safety Awareness Month，and through its EyeSmart campaign the American Academy of Ophthalmology (眼科學)wants to remind consumers to leave fireworks to professionals (專業(yè)人員)。 “There is nothing worse than a Fourth of July celebration ruined by someone being hit in the eye with a bottle rocket，” said Dr John C. Hagan，clinical correspondent for the Academy and an ophthalmologist at Discover Vision Centers in Kansas City. “A safe celebration means letting trained professionals handle fireworks while you enjoy the show.”
According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission，more than 9，000 fireworks-related injuries happen each year. Of these，nearly-half are head-related injuries，with nearly 30 percent of these injuries to the eye. One-fourth of fireworks eye injuries result in permanent vision loss or blindness. Children are the most common victims of firework abuse (傷害)，with those fifteen years old or younger accounting for 50 percent of fireworks eye injuries in the United States. Dr Hagan estimates that his practice sees more than 30 injuries each year from fireworks.
Even fireworks that many people consider safe represent a threat to the eyes. For children under the age of five，apparently harmless sparklers (花炮)account for one-third of all fireworks injuries. Sparklers can burn at nearly 2，000 degrees Fahrenheit (華氏)。
31 What happened to Pete last Fourth of July?
A He was burned in a house fire.
B He was hurt in a fight.
C He was caught in a heavy rain.
D He was hit in the eye
32 The American Academy of Ophthalmology calls on consumers to
A stop celebrating the Fourth of July
B celebrate the Fourth of July with fireworks.
C set off fireworks together with trained professionals.
D leave fireworks to professionals in their celebrations.
33 How many fireworks eye injuries occur in the US each year?
A About 9000.
B About 4500.
C About 1350.
D About 30.
34 Fireworks eye injuries can lead to all of the following EXCEPT
A blindness.
B hand-related injuries.
C permanent vision loss.
D glaucoma and cataracts.
35 Which is NOT true of sparklers?
A They are harmless to very young children.
B They are considered safe by many people.
C They are a threat to the eyes.
D They can burn at very high degrees Fahrenheit
第二篇 Shopping at Second-hand Clothing Stores
When 33-year-old Pete Barth was in college，shopping at second-hand clothing stores was just something he did - “l(fā)ike changing the tires on his car.” He looked at his budget and decided he could save a lot of money by shopping for clothes at thrift shops.
“Even new clothes are fairly disposable (可丟掉的)and wear out after a couple of years，” Barth said. “In thrift shops，you can find some great stuff whose quality is better than new clothes.”
Since then，Barth，who works at a Goodwill thrift shop in the US state of Florida，has found that there are all kinds of reasons for shopping for second-hand clothing. Some people，like him，shop to save money. Some shop for a crazy-looking shirt. And some shop as a means of conserving energy and helping the environment.
Pat Akins，an accountant at a Florida Salvation Army (SA)(救世軍)thrift shop，said that，for her，shopping at thrift shops is a way to help the environment.
“When my daughter was little，we looked at it as recycling，” Akins said. “Also，why pay 30 dollars for a new coat when you can get another one for a lot less?”
Akins said that the SA has shops all over the US - “some as big as department stores.” All of the clothes are donated (捐贈)，and when they have a surplus (盈余)，they'll have “stuff a bag” specials，where customers can fill a grocery sack With clothes for only 5 or 10 dollars.
Julia Slocum，22，points out，however，that the huge amount of second-hand clothing in the US is the result of American wastefulness.
I'd say that second-hand stores are the result of our wasteful，materialistic culture，“ said Slocum，who works for a pro-conservation organization，the Center for a New American Dream. ”Thrift shops prevent that waste from going to landfills (垃圾填埋場); they give clothing a second life，provide cheaper clothing for those who can't afford new ones and generate (生成)income for charities. They also provide a way for the wealthy and middle classes to shed (擺脫)some of the guilt for their level of consumption.“
36 Which statement about Barth is NOT true?
A He is 33 years old now.
B He works at a Goodwill thrift shop.
C He works at a Salvation Army thrift shop.
D He was a college student many years ago
37 When Barth was a college student，he often shopped at thrift shops
A to save money.
B to save energy.
C to help the environment.
D to make friends with poor people.
38 What does Akins do?
A She is a soldier.
B She is an accountant
C She is a saleswoman.
D She is a road sweeper.
39 Thrift shops can do everything EXCEPT
A give clothing a second life.
B generate income for charities.
C provide cheaper clothes for the poor
D stop rich people from wasting money
40 The word “thrift ”in paragraph 1 could be best replaced by
A charity.
B one dollar.
C first class.
D two dollars.
第三篇 College Night Owls Have Lower Grades
College students who are morning people tend to get better grades than those who are night owls (晚睡的人)，according to University of North Texas researchers.
They had 824 undergraduate(大學本科生的)students complete a health survey that included questions about sleep habits and daytime functioning，and found that students who are morning people had higher grade point averages (GPAs)than those who are night people.
“The finding that college students who are evening types have lower GPAs is a very important finding，sure to make its way into undergraduate psychology texts in the near future，along with the research showing that memory is improved by sleep，” study co-author Daniel J. Taylor said in a prepared statement.
“Further，these results suggest that it might be possible to improve academic performance by using chronotherapy (時間療法)to help students retrain their biological clock to become more morning types，“ Taylor said.
The research was expected to be presented Monday at SLEEP，the annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies，in Baltimore.
In other findings expected to be heard at the meeting，University of Colorado researchers found a significant association .between insomnia (失眠)and a decline in college students' academic performance.
The study included 64 psychology，nursing and medical students，average age 27.4 years，who were divided into two groups - low GPAs and high GPAs.
Among those with low GPAs，69.7 percent had trouble falling asleep，53.1 percent experienced leg kicks or twitches (痙攣)at night，65.6 percent reported waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep，and 72.7 percent had difficulty concentrating during the day.
“In college students，the complaint of difficulty concentrating during the day continues to have a considerable impact on their ability to succeed in the classroom，” study author Dr James F. Pagel said in a prepared statement. “This study showed that disordered sleep has significant harmful effects on a student's academic performance，including GPAs.”
41 In the first study，students who stay up late
A had lower GPAs
B had higher GPAs.
C performed equally well in their studies.
D had little difficulty concentrating during the day
42 Mr. Taylor believed that the finding of their study would soon
A be criticized by psychology students.
B be confirmed by psychological studies.
C be included in undergraduate psychology texts.
D become the most popular psychology text.
43 The passage indicates that chronotherapy can be used to help people to
A forget their troubles.
B improve their image.
C better their social relationships.
D readjust their biological clock.
44 In the second study，students with low GPAs did NOT complain of
A having trouble falling asleep.
B waking at night and having trouble falling back to sleep.
C having difficulty concentrating during the day.
D being kicked in the leg at night.
45 According to Dr Pagel，the academic performance of a student will be affected
A if he or she is not motivated.
B if he or she is troubled by disordered sleep.
C if he or she is a morning type.
D if he or she is a lazy person.
第5部分：補全短文(第46～50題，每題2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5處空白，短文后有6個句子，其中5個取自短文，請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容將其分別放回原有位置，以恢復(fù)文章原貌。
A Bad Idea
Think you can walk，drive，take phone calls，e-mail and listen to music at the same time? Well，New York's new law says you can't.(46)The law went into force last month，following research and a shocking number of accidents that involved people using electronic gadgets (小巧機械)when crossing the street.
Who's to blame?(47)“We are under the impression that our brain can do more than it often can，” says Rene Marois，a neuroscientist (神經(jīng)科學家)in Tennessee. “But a core limitation is the inability to concentrate on two things at once.”
The young people are often considered the great multi-taskers.(48)，A group of 18- to 21-year-olds and a group of 35- to 39-year-olds were given 90 seconds to translate images into numbers，using a simple code.(49)But when both groups were interrupted by a phone call or an instant message，the older group matched the younger group in speed and accuracy.
It is difficult to measure the productivity lost by multitaskers. But it is probably a lot. Jonathan Spira，chief analyst at Basex，a business-research firm，estimates the cost of interruptions to the American economy at nearly $650 billion a year.(50)The surveys conclude that 28 percent of the workers' time was spent on interruptions and recovery time before they returned to their main tasks.
A Talking on a cell phone while driving brings you joy anyway
B The estimate is based on surveys with office workers
C The younger group did 10 percent better when not interrupted
D However，an Oxford University research suggests this perception is open to question.
E Scientists say that our multitasking (多任務(wù)處理)abilities are limited
F And you'll be fined $100 if you do so on a New York City street.
第6部分：完形填空(第51～55題，每題1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15處空白，請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容為每處空白確定一個最佳選項。
Exercise Cuts Cancer Deaths in Men
Men who exercise often are less likely to die from cancer than those who(51)，new research published in the British Journal of Cancer revealed yesterday.
A team of scientists from the Karolinska Institute in Sweden looked(52)the effect of physical activity and cancer risk in 40，708 men aged(53) 45 and 79.
The seven-year study found that men(54)walked or cycled for at least 30 minutes a day had a 34 per cent lower(55)of dying from cancer than the men who did less exercise or nothing at all.(56)the period studied，3，714 men developed cancer and 1，153 died from the disease. The researchers suggest that half an hour's walking(57) cycling a day increased survival among these men by 33 per cent.
The researchers surveyed men from two counties in central Sweden about their lifestyle and the amount of(58)activity they were usually doing. They then scored these responses and compared the results with data on cancer diagnosis and
death officially recorded in a central cancer registry (登記簿)over a seven-year (59). Lead author，Professor Alicja Wolk，said：“These results clearly show for the first time the effect that very simple and basic daily(60)such as walking or cycling has in reducing cancer death risk in middle-aged and elderly (61)。”
Dr Lesley Walker，director of cancer information at Cancer Research UK，said：“This study gives us a clear indication that men who exercise are less(62) to die from cancer，and that they are more likely to(63)the disease if they get it. It's not entirely clear from this study what role exercise plays in preventing(64)in men，but we do know that a healthy lifestyle can prevent up to half of all cancers - and (65)exercise forms a key part of this.”
51 A didn't B don't C won't D can't
52 A on B of C at D by
53 A from B between C at D about
54 A which B whom C who D what
55 A rush B turn C risk D fall
56 A During B Since C Despite D Between
57 A along B but C or D with
58 A mental B physical C emotional D artistic
59 A rank B list C age D period
60 A exercise B life C work D style
61 A women B men C patients D couples
62 A easy B able C likely D apparent
63 A lose B miss C treat D survive
64 A trouble B cancer C mistakes D accidents
65 A random B rare C regular D rough
【參考答案】
1 C 2 A 3 C 4 B 5 D
6 B 7 A 8 D 9 A 10 C
11 B 12 C 13 D 14 B 15 A
16 B 17 A 18 C 19 A 20 B
21 C 22 A 23 E 24 A 25 D
26 F 27 B 28 D 29 A 30 F
31 D 32 D 33 C 34 B 35 A
36 C 37 A 38 B 39 D 40 A
41 A 42 C 43 D 44 D 45 B
46 F 47 E 48 D 49 C 50 B
51 B 52 C 53 B 54 C 55 C
56 A 57 C 58 B 59 D 60 A
61 B 62 C 63 D 64 B 65 C
2015年職稱英語考試理工類閱讀理解練習題
Going Her Own Way
When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education, Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school，though some attended private Catholic "finishing" schools. There they learned a little about music，art，needlework，and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria —or her mother. By this time，she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the dark.
Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school，something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time，there were two types of high schools: the "classical" schools and the "technical" schools. In the classical schools，the students followed a very traditional program of studies，with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature，and Italian literature and history1. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.
Maria，however，wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modem than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages，mathematics，science，and accounting2.Most people — including Maria's father — believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore，they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.
Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school，she had to win her father' sapproval. She finally did，with her mother's help，though for many years after，there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans，while her mother helped her.
In 1883，at age thirteen，Maria entered the "Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti" in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects，the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding，discipline in the classroom was strict，and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.
詞匯:
discipline /'disiplin/ n. 紀律，學科，訓(xùn)練，懲罰 punishment / 'p?ni?m?nt/ n. 懲罰，嚴厲對待，虐待
注釋:
1. In the classical schools，the students followed a very traditional program of studies，with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature，and Italian literature and history. 在傳統(tǒng)學校中，學生們都依照一種非常傳統(tǒng)的教學方式學習，包含拉丁語、希臘語與文學課，還有意大利文學與歷史。
2. The technical schools were more modem than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages，mathematics，science，and accounting. 技術(shù)學校比傳統(tǒng)學校要現(xiàn)代得多， 他們提供的課程有現(xiàn)代語言、數(shù)學、自然科學，以及會計學。
練習:
1.Maria wanted to attend________.
A.private “finishing” school
B.school with Latin and Greek
C.technical high school
D.school for art and music
2.In those days, most Italian girls________.
A.went to classical schools
B.went to “finishing” schools
C.did not go to high school
D.went to technical schools
3.You can infer from this passage that________.
A.girls usually attended private primary schools
B.only boys usually attended technical schools
C.girls did not like going to school
D.only girls attended classical schools
4.Maria’s father probably________.
A.had very modern views about women
B.had very traditional views about women
C.had no opinion about women
D.thought women could not learn Latin
5.High school teachers in Italy In those days were________.
A.very modern
B.very intelligent
C.quite scientific
D.quite strict
答案與題解：
1. C 本題的問題是：Maria想去個怎樣的學校?由文中第三段可明確得出結(jié)論�！癕aria, however, wanted to attend a technical school .” A, B, D項均有明顯錯誤。
2. C 本題的問題是：在當時的意大利大多數(shù)女孩的選擇是什么?由文中的第一段可知“Most girls from middle-–class families chose to stay home after primary school ,”所以本題的正確答案為C。
3. B 本題為推理題，問題是：從全文可以得出什么樣的結(jié)論?A選項未提及。C選項錯誤，原文只說大多數(shù)女孩子都選擇呆在家里，并未說她們都不喜歡讀書。D選項錯誤，原文只說就算是上學的話大多數(shù)女孩子都選擇傳統(tǒng)學校，而并非只有女孩子可以去。所以正確答案為B。
4. B 本題問的是：Maria的父親對女性的態(tài)度是什么?由文中第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Most people—including Maria’s father —believed in the girls would never be able to understand these subjects.”可以得出答案，父親和大多數(shù)人一樣都持傳統(tǒng)觀念。
5. D 本題的問題是：當時的意大利高中教師是怎樣的?從文中最后一段可以得出結(jié)論“Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient,”故正確答案為D。
2015年職稱英語考試理工類閱讀理解預(yù)測題
Pop Music in Africa
Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music. The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today, such as hip-hop, rap, rock, jazz, or reggae. The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world, but at the same time is distinctly African. It is different also in another way: Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.
Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians. He grew up in Nairobi, Kenya, in a family of musicians. As a teenager, he listened to pop music from the United States, and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music. Now he has produced a CD in Kenya. Eric's most popular song, "Land of ‘A Little Something’” is about Kenya's problem of bribery, or paying others for illegal favors. He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.
Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania. Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women. At the age of fifteen she lost her home, but she was luckier than other homeless young people. She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street. By the time she was eighteen years old, she had become a star. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women1.
Baaba Maal, from Senegal, also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment. He says that in Senegal, storytellers have always been important people. In the past, they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive. Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility. They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better. The words of his songs are important, in fact. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one' s family, and saving the environment2.
One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie. She is sometimes compared to Madonna, the American pop star, because she likes to shock people in her shows. But she also likes to make people think. She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid. Now that apartheid has ended, her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life. To sing about these, she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.
In recent years, people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musicians. Through music, the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and, at the same time, influencing the rest of the world.
詞匯：
reggae /'regei/ n. 瑞格舞(西印度群島的舞曲) bribery /'braib?ri/ n. ，賄賂
apartheid / ? 'P a:theit / n. 種族隔離
注釋：
1. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women. 她用嘻哈和說唱的風格寫歌，歌曲的內(nèi)容是 坦桑尼亞的各種問題，特別是艾滋和女性權(quán)利的缺失。
2. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one's family, and saving the environment. 他倡導(dǎo)在非洲要和平與協(xié)作，同時也包括婦女權(quán)利、熱愛家庭和保護環(huán)境。
練習：
1. This passage is about how African pop music is_______.
A) usually about love and romance
B) more serious than most pop music
C) popular with young people in Africa
D) mostly written just for entertainment
2. For people outside of Africa, African pop music is _______.
A) the same as other pop music
B) not usually very interesting
C) entirely strange to them
D) both familiar and different
3. The musicians mentioned in this passage all_______.
A) write about serious problems
B) studied in the United States
C) lost their homes at a young age
D) write songs in a new pop style
4. Eric Wainaina_______.
A) prefers to sing in English
B) listened to traditional music
C) studied music in Boston
D) performs only in the United States
5. Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problem of women partly because_______.
A) she was had a difficult life herself
B) there are many problems in Tanzania
C) she has had an easy life herself
D) there are no other women singers
答案與題解：
1. B 本題的問題是：非洲流行音樂的不同之處是什么?由第一段倒數(shù)第一句可以得出答案。“It is different also in another way : Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.” A,D項錯誤，C項未提及。
2.D 本題的問題是：對于非洲以外的人來說，非洲流行音樂給他們的感覺是什么?從第一段可以得出答案�！癟he result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world , but at the same time is distinctly Afican.”故正確選項為D。
3. A 本題的問題是：全文所提到的音樂家的共同的特點是什么?總覽全文可以得出結(jié)論。全文通篇在講有關(guān)社會和政治等嚴肅主題的音樂，故正確答案為A。B,C,D都有明顯的錯誤。
4. C 本題的問題是：Eric Wainaina的成長細節(jié)。由第二段可以得出答案�！啊璦nd later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music.” 其余選項均有錯誤。
5. A 本題的問題是：Witness Mwaijaga 寫有關(guān)女人的問題的原因是什么?答案在第三段第二句“Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women.”明顯可見是她有切身經(jīng)歷。所以正確答案為A。
2015年職稱英語考試理工類閱讀理解模擬練習
Why So Many Children?
In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia , the population is growing fast . The reason for this is simple : Women in these countries have a high birth rate — from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman . The majority of these women are poor , without the food or resources to care for their families ? The answer may be that they often have no choice . There are several reasons for this .
One reason is economic . In a traditional agricultural economy , large families are helpful .
Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age1. In an industrial economy, the situation is different. Many children , do not help a family; instead, they are an expense. Thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the case in Italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World WarⅡ, Italy’s economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. By the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1. 3 children per woman, the world’s lowest.
However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. Saudi Arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate(7.0). Mexico and Indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.
Clearly, other factors are involved. The most important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women.2 This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.
Another key factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil. In these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.
These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions.3 It can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. Only then, in fact, does it have any real chance of success.
詞匯：
industrialization / in’d?stri?lai’zei??n/ n. 工業(yè)
possibility /p?s?’bil?ti/ n. 可能性，可能發(fā)生的事物
effective /i’fektiv/ adj. 有效的，起作用的，實際的
注釋：
1. In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. 傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟中，家庭成員數(shù)目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味著田里的勞動力多且有人給父母養(yǎng)老。
2. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. 高的生育率往往與婦女缺乏教育與社會地位低下相關(guān)。
3. These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. 這些趨勢表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依賴于良好的經(jīng)濟狀況。
練習：
1. In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family_______.
A. can be an advantage
B. may limit income
C. isn’t necessary
D. is expensive
2. When countries become industrialized, _______.
A. families often become larger
B. the birth rate generally goes down
C. women usually decide not have a family
D. the population generally grows rapidly
3. According to this passage, Italy today is an example of an _______.
A. agricultural country with a high birth rate
B. agricultural country with a low birth rate
C. industrialized country with a low birth rate
D. industrialized country with a high birth rate
4. Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that _______.
A. the most important factor influencing birth rate is the economy
B. factors other than the economy influence birth rate
C. women who have a high income usually have few children
D. the birth rate depends on per capita income
5. In Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia, the government _______.
A. is not concerned about the status of women
B. has tried to industrialize the country rapidly
C. does not allow women to work outside the home
D. has tried to improve the condition of women
答案與題解：
1. A 本題的問題是：在傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟中，大的家庭的影響是什么?從文中第二段第二句和第三句話可以得出明確的答案。“In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age.”所以答案為A，是優(yōu)勢。
2. B 本題的問題是：當國家工業(yè)化后，人口和出生率的狀況是什么?從第二段意大利的例子可以明確得出答案�！癐n the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World War Ⅱ, Italy’s economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized.”由此可見出生率降低。
3. C 本題的問題是：本文舉出意大利的例子要說明什么?從第二段意大利的前后對比的情況可以看出正確答案為C。
4. B 本題的問題是：文中提到沙特阿拉伯的例子說明了什么?由第三段開頭可知“However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate.”下面將要介紹其他的因素，之后以沙特阿拉伯為例。故正確答案為B。經(jīng)濟以外影響出生率的因素。
5. D本題的問題是：墨西哥、泰國、印度尼西亞的政府采取了怎樣的措施?從文中第四段后半部分“On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.”可以得出結(jié)論。另一方面從第四段開頭也可以得出結(jié)論�！癟he most important of these is the condition of women.”之后舉出這幾個國家的例子，從而也可以得出結(jié)論。
2016年職稱英語考試理工類完形填空練習
An Intelligent Car(智能汽車)
Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. Many human drivers have all these and can control a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself?
There is a virtual driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has “eyes”, “brains”, “hands” and “feet”, too. The minicameras on each side of the car are his “eyes”, which observe the road conditions ahead of it. They watch the traffic to the car’s left and right. There is also a highly automatic driving system in the car. It is the built-in computer, which is the virtual driver’s “brain”. His “brain” calculates the speeds of other moving cars near it and analyzes their positions. Basing on this information, it chooses the right path for the intelligent car, and gives instructions to the “hands” and “feet” to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual driver controls his car.
What is the virtual driver’s best advantage? He reacts quickly. The minicameras are sending images continuously to the “brain.” It completes the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds. However, the world’s best driver at least needs one second to react. Besides, when he takes action, he needs one more second.
The virtual driver is really wonderful. He can reduce the accident rate considerably on expressways. In this case, can we let him have the wheel at any time and in amy place? Experts warn that we cannot do that just yet. His ability to recognize things is still limited . He can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.
智能汽車
開車需要目光銳利、耳朵靈敏、反應(yīng)敏捷和手腦間的協(xié)作。許多人類司機這些條件部具備，并可控制一輛急速行駛的汽車，但一輛智能車如何進行自控?
智能車中有一位虛擬駕駛員。這位司機同樣有“眼”，有“腦”，有“手”，有“腳”。車兩側(cè)的頭就是他的眼，負責觀察車前方的路況。他們注意著車兩側(cè)的交通情況，車中也有高度自動化的駕駛系統(tǒng)。這就是內(nèi)置的電腦，也就是虛擬司機的大腦。這個大腦計算出車近旁正在運動車輛的速度，并分析它們的位置�；谶@些信息，它為智能車選擇昀佳路徑，并給出指示以讓手腳做出相應(yīng)運動。通過這樣的方式，虛擬司機就對車輛實行了控制。
虛擬司機的昀大優(yōu)點是什么?他的反應(yīng)速度很快。頭不斷向“大腦”發(fā)送圖像數(shù)據(jù)。他完成圖像處理的時間為100毫秒。然而，世界上昀優(yōu)秀的人類司機也至少需要1秒鐘的反應(yīng)時間。當他作出行動時，又多得一秒。
虛擬司機的確很棒。在高速公路上，他可大大減少事故發(fā)生率。鑒于此，我們是否可以讓他在任何時間任何地點都駕駛汽車呢?專家們警告說，我們現(xiàn)在還不能這樣做。智能車辨別事物的能力還很有限。目前，這種車只能在高速公路上行駛。
2016年職稱英語備考指南
閱讀理解試題的做題方法我們稱之為還原定位法，即把試題準確地在原文中進行定位，找到答案所在的句子。這種方法的運用有三個步驟：
先看試題，后讀原文。
這樣做既節(jié)省了時間，又提高了做題的效率和準確度。
對試題在原文中的位置進行模糊定位。
因為試題的出題順序和文章的敘述順序存在高度的一致性。
對試題在原文中的位置進行準確定位。
對試題在原文中的位置進行準確定位的前提是抓住試題中的`標志詞和關(guān)鍵詞。標志詞主要包括①專有名詞，是指表示人名、地名和組織機構(gòu)等的名詞，這樣的名詞在文章中一般都要大寫;②表示時間或年代的詞;③專業(yè)詞匯，這樣的詞匯一般都是比較難懂，一般是我們不認識的詞匯。關(guān)鍵詞是指表達試題內(nèi)容的中心詞，一般是試題中的名詞和名詞詞組。
下面我們以2005年理工類B級中一篇閱讀理解為例，詳細解說一下這種方法在實戰(zhàn)考試中的運用。
閱讀理解
Almost Human?
Scientists are racing to build the world's first thinking robot. This is not science fiction： somesay they will have made it by the year 2020. Carol Packer reports.
Machines that walk， speak and feel are no longer science fiction.Kismet is the name of an android(機器人)which scientists have built at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)。 (31)Kismet is different from the traditional robot because it Can show human emotions.Its eyes，ears and lips move to show when it feels happy， sad or bored.Kismet is one of the first of a new generation of androids——robots that look like human beings——which Can imitate human feelings. (32) Cog， another android invented by the MIT， imitates the action of a mother. However， scientists admit that So far Cog has the mental ability of a two—year—old.
(33)The optimists(樂觀主義者)say that by the year 2020 we will have created humanoids(機器人)with brains similar to those of all adult human being. These robots will be designed to look like people to make them more attractive and easier to sell to the public. What kind of jobs will they do? (34)In the future， robots like Robonaut， a humanoid invented by NASA， will be doing dangerous jobs， like repairing space stations. They will also be doing more and mom of the household work for us In Japan， scientists are designing androids that will entertain us by dancing and playing the piano.
Some people worry about what the future holds：will robots become monsters(怪物)?Will people themselves become increasingly like robots? Experts predict that more and more people will be wearing micro—computers，connected to the Internet，in the future.People will have micro—chips in various parts of their body，which will connect them to a wide variety of gadgets (小裝置)。Perhaps we should not exaggerate(夸大)the importance of technology，but one wonders whether，in years to come，we will still be falling in love，and whether we will still feel pain.Who knows?
31. Kismetis different from traditional robots because
A. it thinks for itself
B. It is not like science fiction
C. it can look after two—year-old.
D. it seems to have human feelings.
解：本題的標志詞是Kismet，關(guān)鍵詞組是different from traditional robots，我們在文章第二段的第二句話中找到了試題在文章中的位置，細細讀這句話。選項D和這句話的意思是最接近的，因為第二句話中有這樣一句it Can show human emotions，選項中的feelings和文章中的emotions是同義詞替換，這是閱讀理解正確項的一個出題原則。因此是正確答案。
32. What makes Cog special?
A. It looks like a mother.
B. It behaves like a child.
C. It can imitate the behavior of a mother.
D. It has a huge brain.
解：本題的標志詞是Cog，接著讀文章，在文中尋找關(guān)于Cog的論述。關(guān)于Cog的論述出現(xiàn)在31題所對應(yīng)的原文的后面，只有兩句話，仔細讀完這兩句話后，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)選項C和原文是對應(yīng)的，只是文中的單詞action被替換成了他的同義詞behavior，這是職稱英語考試中，閱讀理解選項設(shè)置的一個特點，即同義詞替換。
2016年職稱英語衛(wèi)生類概括大意練習題
Compact Disks
1 If someone says to you your music CDs don't really hold any music on them,and they only have numbers recorded on them,you may not believe it.In fact,he is right in that sound is actually recorded onto the CDs as special numbers — a digital code.1 The code is pressed onto the CD as bumps on a long spiral track almost five kilometerslong.These bumps are an average of 0.5 microns wide.
2 A small laser beam shines onto the bumps as the CD turns.The light is reflected back to a receiver that records how the laser light bounces back.This lets the CD player2 turn the reflected light back into the original code.This means you can hear the original code as music.
3 Digital codes are used with many technologies.E-mail needs these kinds of code numbers.Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes.Bar codes are read as digital codes in computer systems.Digital communications with cell phones need digital codes.Weather radios also tune in to specific signals using these codes.
4 There are many types of compact disk.One format is called CD-RWs.They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on) as you would do with a floppy disk3.Another format is the CD-ROM.The technology for recording on these disks is different from other CDs.These CDs have a dye layer that the CD writer can darken or leave clear.The clear and dark spots are the digital code.CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc — Read Only
Memory.4 This disk is like a"super"floppy disk that can hold lots of information.One CD-ROM can hold the same amount of data as 500 floppy disks.Information is permanently recorded onto it.Computer games and other programs are considered to be CD-ROMs.
5 CDs were first sold to the public in 1982.These CDs still play well and sound fine.Current CDs are expectedto last between 70 to 200 years.Of course,you can make sure your CDs last a long time by taking care of them.
6 Science keeps on developing.It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented5 and introduced to the public for music recording.In the meantime,there is no doubt you will continue to enjoy listening to your favorite music on CDs6 and playing your favorite computer games on CD-ROMs.
練習：
1.Paragraphs 1 & 2__________
2.Paragraph 3__________
3.Paragraph 4__________
4.Paragraph 5__________
A Digital Code Has Wide Applications
B Floppy Disks Are Outdated
C CDs Are Durable
D CD's Working Principle Is Explained
E CD-RWs Play Better Than CD-ROWs
F CDs Are of Many Formats
5.One advantage of CD-RWs is that they can like floppy disks.
6.The author predicts it will not before a new technology is invented for music recording.
7.The laser beam-emitting device and the receiver are considered to of a CD player.
8.Space probes could not without using digital codes.
A shine on bumps
B take many more years
C be the key parts
D restore the original code
E be written on and rewritten on
F keep contact with their ground station efficiently
答案與題解：
1.D第一、二段介紹了 CD的工作原理。聲音以數(shù)碼的形式刻錄到CD磁片上。要想聽聲音，就得用CD放機，CD機用激光照射CD，接收機接收和分析從 CD反射回來的激光波，還原為原來的數(shù)碼，再轉(zhuǎn)換為原來的聲音。所以，D是答案。
2.A 第三段第一句“ Digital codes are used with many technologies.”是主題句。本段其他句子提供例證，即應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。作者列舉了 5個領(lǐng)域：電郵、航天通訊、條碼、手機和天氣預(yù)報。選項 A的“Digital code has wide applications”與主題句的意思完全吻合，所以是答案。
3.F 第四段第一句：“ There are many types of compact disks.”是主題句。本段其他句子列舉了兩種常用的CD格式(format)：一種是CD-RW，另一種是 CD-ROM.選項F的“CDs are of many formats”概括了本段的大意，是答案。
4.C 第五段說的是CD碟片經(jīng)久耐用，1982年上市的CD碟片至今還能使用，其音質(zhì)依舊�，F(xiàn)在上市的CD，更加耐用，如果使用得當，其壽命可達70～200年。選項 C用了durable予以概括是很恰當?shù)�，所以，C是答案。
5.E 第四段中出現(xiàn)CD-RW這個詞，介紹了“ They can be recorded on and re-recorded on (rewritten on)。這就是選E的依據(jù)。
6.B 第六段能找到與答案有關(guān)的句子，但 It may not be many more years before a completely new technology is invented and introduced to the public for music recording.
7.C 第二段說到在CD機上還原數(shù)碼時依靠的是激光發(fā)射裝置和按收器。由此我們可以推論出激光發(fā)射器和接收器是CD機的主要部件。所以C是答案。
8.F 第三段第三句“ Space probes communicate with their ground station on earth using digital codes.”是選F的依據(jù)。
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