高考閱讀理解文體及結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)
閱讀理解是高考的重頭戲，能否順利通過此關(guān)影響高考全局。那么他有什么技巧了?以下是小編為大家整理的高考閱讀理解文體及結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)。希望對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)能有所幫助!
高考閱讀理解文體及結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)
高考中的英語(yǔ)閱讀短文的文件一般有 4 種，即記敘文、說明文、議論文和應(yīng)用文。在寫法上它們都有各自的寫作方法和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。
1. 記敘文：
記敘文又分為 3 類：記事文、記人文和景物描寫文。記事文。這類文章首先一般要交代一件事情發(fā)生的時(shí)間(when)、地點(diǎn)(where)、人物(who)、事件(what)，然后再進(jìn)行分析這件事情發(fā)生的原因(why)及發(fā)生的過程(how)。因此，對(duì)于這類文章，我們只要抓住了這五個(gè)“W”和一個(gè)“H”就行了。記人文，即人物傳記。這類文章一般是采用倒述的寫作方法，即首先用幾句話來簡(jiǎn)單介紹這個(gè)人，接著介紹這個(gè)人的出生、成長(zhǎng)過程，然后再記述他(她)所干的一兩件主要的事情或業(yè)績(jī)，來反映他(她)的思想、品德和情操，最后是作者對(duì)他(她)的評(píng)論，從而表達(dá)作者對(duì)他(她)的感情。景物描寫文。一般用來記述在某時(shí)、某地所見的事物及心里面的感受。這類文章一般按照時(shí)間或空間的順序來記述，并且有時(shí)還夾插作者心里面的想法和感受。它好似我們中文中的散文，從表面上來看，沒有中心或主題，只有通讀全文后，仔細(xì)思考、歸納總結(jié)才會(huì)找出主題或中心來，從而進(jìn)一步看清作者的目的、意圖及心情。
2. 說明文：
說明文通常是用來對(duì)事物的情況進(jìn)行描繪或?qū)δ撤N觀點(diǎn)、理論進(jìn)行解釋，從而使人們明白事理或掌握某種方法技巧。在文章中，作者一般是首先提出一個(gè)要說明的對(duì)象，然后從時(shí)間先后、空間順序、用途、方法、手段、事例或進(jìn)行的步驟等各方面進(jìn)行描繪或解釋。
3. 議論文：
議論文就是用來對(duì)人或事物的好壞、是非發(fā)表意見和看法。作者總是先提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)，接著對(duì)這個(gè)論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行正反分析，邏輯推理或列舉事例加以論證，然后得出結(jié)論。它一般分為立論和駁論兩種，在立論中，擺事實(shí)、講道理，論證其觀點(diǎn)的可行性、正確性;在駁論中，作者首先提出一個(gè)不正確的論點(diǎn)，然后用事實(shí)、道理對(duì)它逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行駁斥，來證明它是錯(cuò)誤的、行不通的，再得出正確的結(jié)論。
4. 應(yīng)用文：
應(yīng)用文是日常生活中用來傳播信息的一種文體。這類文章除用文字外，有的用圖形，有的用表格。如：通知、廣告、海報(bào)、書信、啟事、便條、收據(jù)、借條和物品說明書等。這類文章有 3 個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)：一是詞匯較偏僻;二是語(yǔ)言也不規(guī)范;三是句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整，閱讀起來的確困難。但是，它們一般屬于應(yīng)用文，告訴人們消息、方法、途徑等內(nèi)容。
擴(kuò)展：
高考閱讀理解快速解題策略
一、快讀
快讀的目的是了解文章的大意和主題思想，并對(duì)文章的結(jié)構(gòu)有個(gè)總的概念。快讀時(shí)，應(yīng)特別注意文章的開始段、結(jié)束段、文章中每段的首句和尾句以及篇章連接手段和行文中的信息詞，因?yàn)樗鼈兺菍?duì)文章內(nèi)容的最精簡(jiǎn)概括，是左右文章大意的關(guān)鍵。
二、跳讀
即根據(jù)問題信息跳躍性地閱讀文章的某些段落或某些句子。跳讀可以加強(qiáng)閱讀的針對(duì)性、節(jié)約閱讀時(shí)間和提高閱讀效率。許多閱讀理解的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題均可用跳讀法在原文中找到相關(guān)的.依據(jù)，從而迅速做出選擇。
三、細(xì)讀
找到文章中的有關(guān)范圍以后，即在該范圍內(nèi)逐句閱讀，特別對(duì)關(guān)鍵詞句要仔細(xì)琢磨，以便對(duì)其有較深刻、較準(zhǔn)確的理解和掌握。不僅要理解其字面意思，而且要通過推理、判斷，弄清文章字里行間的潛在意思。在細(xì)讀時(shí)，對(duì)沒有學(xué)過的生詞，可根據(jù)上下文或自己的背景知識(shí)等來推測(cè)其意思;對(duì)難以看懂的長(zhǎng)句，可借助語(yǔ)法手段，對(duì)其加以分析，以達(dá)到透徹理解。
四、實(shí)例
下面請(qǐng)看一篇閱讀實(shí)例(湖南省高考英語(yǔ)閱讀試題)：
The private automobile(私家車) has long played an important role in the United States. In fact, it has become a necessary and important part of the American way of life. In 1986, sixty-nine percent of American families owned at least one car, and thirty-eight percent had more than one. By giving workers rapid transportation, the automobile has freed them from having to live near their place of work. This has encouraged the growth of the cities, but it has also led to traffic problems.
For farm families the automobile is very helpful. It has made it possible for them to travel to town very often for business and for pleasure, and also to transport their children to distant schools.
Family life has been affected(影響) in various ways. The car helps to keep them to travel to keep families together when it is used for picnics, outings, and other shared experiences. however, when teenage children have the use of the car, their parents can’t keep an eye on them. There is a great danger if the driver has been drinking alcohol or taking drugs — or is “showing off” by speeding or breaking other traffic laws. Mothers of victims(受害者) of such accidents have formed an organization called MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving). These women want to prevent further tragedies(悲劇). They have worked to encourage the government to limit the youngest drinking age. Students have formed a similar organization, SADD(Students Against Drunk Driving) and are spreading the same message among their friends.
For many Americans the automobile is a necessity. But for some, it is also a mark of social position and for young people, a sign of becoming an adult. Altogether, cars mean very much to Americans.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?
A. Cars have encouraged the growth of the cities.
B. Cars can bring families together when they go for picnics.
C. Cars have enabled people to live far from their place of work.
D. Cars help city families to transport their children to faraway schools.
2. What has been done to deal with the problem of drunk driving?
A. Parents have paid more attention to their children.
B. Some organizations have been set up against drunk driving.
C. Mothers have tried to persuade their children not to drink alcohol.
D. University students have asked the government to solve the problem.
3. We can infer from the text that _______ in America.
A. it will be more difficult for people to get new cars
B. parents will not allow their children to have their own cars
C. the government will encourage people to use public transportation
D. cars will still be popular though they have caused many problems
●“快讀”短文：可知本文主要介紹美國(guó)的私家車情況及私家車對(duì)美國(guó)人的影響。
●“跳讀”短文：根據(jù)文章第2段的內(nèi)容可知，汽車是使 farm families transport their children to distant (=faraway) schools。故第1小題選D。
●“細(xì)讀”短文：文章說，為了解決 the problem of drunk driving，有關(guān)人士成立了不同的組織，如母親們成立了 MADD，學(xué)生們成立了 SADD，等等。故第2題選B。再根據(jù)文章第1段說美國(guó)在1986年就有69%的家庭至少擁有1輛汽車，38%的家庭擁有1輛以上的汽車，而文章最后一段又說 For many Americans the automobile is a necessity。由此可知第3題選D最佳。
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