托福備考：新托福閱讀的同義改寫題型解析
新托福，也就是現(xiàn)在的托福網(wǎng)考，即IBT，與舊托福最大的區(qū)別是多了個(gè)“網(wǎng)”，也就是通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，而不再是紙質(zhì)的考試。新托�？荚囀且曰ヂ�(lián)網(wǎng)為依托，取代了以計(jì)算機(jī)為依托的托福考試(CBT)，稱為“iBT”，即TOEFL iBT(Internet Based Test)。TOEFL iBT已逐步地取代了機(jī)考(CBT)紙筆試(TOEFL PBT)。網(wǎng)考首先應(yīng)用于美國(guó)、加拿大、法國(guó)、德國(guó)和意大利，托福網(wǎng)絡(luò)考試始于2005年末，并在2006年里在全世界普及。新托福的考試更注重語(yǔ)言的實(shí)用性，雖然給考生增加了備考難度，但是從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，新托福更利于考生英語(yǔ)整體水平的提高。下面是新托福閱讀的同義改寫題型解析：
首先，“同義改寫”會(huì)影響到“定位”的準(zhǔn)確與速度。新托福閱讀十類題型中的事實(shí)信息題、列舉排除題、推理題以及填表題都涉及到了原文定位的問(wèn)題。定位的準(zhǔn)確與速度也是影響閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的一個(gè)重要因素。定位的時(shí)候，首先確定大區(qū)間，也就是題干中給我們具體的指示“According to paragraph X" ，"In paragraph X" 定位具體的段落，或是根據(jù)“閱讀文章行文順序與行文順序基本一致”的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行大區(qū)間的定位;下一步就是確定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞。但是，回原文中定位的時(shí)候，有時(shí)并不一定可以找到一模一樣的“關(guān)鍵詞”，因?yàn)橥懈ｉ喿x在定位時(shí)往往會(huì)設(shè)置一個(gè)同義改寫。比如例一這道事實(shí)信息題，我們首先定位到了第三段，然后尋找題干中的關(guān)鍵詞是“Whig Party’s view of the role of government?(Whig 政黨關(guān)于政府職能的觀點(diǎn))”，但是定位時(shí)，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)原文中所對(duì)應(yīng)的出處是"The government’s responsibility was to....。.(政府的職責(zé)是..。.)" 也就是說(shuō)你不能期待定位時(shí)一定會(huì)從原文中找到一模一樣的“關(guān)鍵詞”，這個(gè)定位過(guò)程中很有可能出現(xiàn)同義改寫的`狀況。
其次，定位完成后，選項(xiàng)部分可能又會(huì)進(jìn)行一個(gè)同義改寫。比如例一原文中的“to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability”所對(duì)應(yīng)的正確選項(xiàng)換了個(gè)說(shuō)法，被改寫成了“To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit”。所以在選擇選項(xiàng)的時(shí)候，你也不能期待選項(xiàng)一定是原文中一模一樣的表達(dá)。
同義改寫的設(shè)置不僅僅是在托福閱讀中，聽(tīng)力中也涉及到了同樣的問(wèn)題，也就是說(shuō)正確的選項(xiàng)并不一定是你所到的原詞原句，基本上都會(huì)設(shè)置同義改寫來(lái)確定你是否真的聽(tīng)懂了。例二的同義改寫現(xiàn)象請(qǐng)同學(xué)們自己做出分析。
例一：
According to paragraph 3，which of the following describes the Whig Party’s view of the role of government?
A.To regulate the continuing conflict
B.To restrict the changes brought about by the market
C.To maintain an economy that allowed all capable citizens to benefit
D.To reduce the emphasis on economic development
Paragraph 3 ： Whigs，on the other hand，were more comfortable with the market.For them，commerce and economic development agents of civilization.Nor did the Whigs envision any conflict in society between farers and workers on the one hand and businesspeople and bankers on the other.Economic growth would benefit everyone by raising national income and expanding opportunity.The government’s responsibility was to provide a well-regulated economy that guaranteed opportunity for citizens of ability。
例二：
According to paragraph 3， the loss of natural vegetation has which of the following consequences for soil?
A.Increased stony content
B.Reduced water absorption
C.Increased numbers of spaces in the soil
D.Reduced water runoff
Paragraph 3： Even in the areas that retain a soil cover， the reduction of vegetation typically results in the loss of the soil's ability to absorb substantial quantities of water. The impact of raindrops on the loose soil tends to transfer fine clay particles into the tiniest soil spaces， sealing them and producing a surface that allows very little water penetration. Water absorption is greatly reduced; consequently runoff is increased， resulting in accelerated erosion rates. The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation， so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established。
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