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Passage Eleven (The Affect of Electricity on Cancer)
Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.
Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
The report is no reason to panic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.
At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field, The electric fields surrounding a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.
How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.
But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found.
The Pentagon is for from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link. “Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer,” the Air Force concludes. “It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.” Then Pentagon’s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems built into every warship and plane.
1. The main idea of this passage is ___________
[A]. studies on the cause of cancer
[B]. controversial view-points in the cause of cancer
[C]. the relationship between electricity and cancer.
[D]. different ideas about the effect of electricity on caner.
2. The view-point of the EPA is ___________
[A]. there is casual link between electricity and cancer.
[B]. electricity really affects cancer.
[C]. controversial.
[D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possible cause of cancer
3. Why did the Pentagon and Whit House object to the release of the report? Because ___________
[A]. it may stir a great deal of debate among the Bush Administration.
[B]. every unit of the modern military has depended on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.
[C]. the Pentagon’s concern was understandable.
[D]. they had different arguments.
4. It can be inferred from physical phenomenon ___________
[A]. the force of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.
[B]. the force of the electromagnetic field is weaker than the electric field that the cells generate.
[C]. electromagnetic field may affect health.
[D]. only more powerful radiation can knock electron out of human body.
5. What do you think ordinary citizens may do after reading the different arguments?
[A].They are indifferent. [B]. They are worried very much.
[C]. The may exercise prudent avoidance. [C]. They are shocked.
Vocabulary
1. preposterous 反常的，十分荒謬的，乖戾的
2. leukemia 白血病
3. malignancy 惡性腫瘤
4. legitimate 合法的，合理的
5. paranoia 偏執(zhí)狂，妄想狂。這里指：無(wú)根據(jù)的擔(dān)心。
6. lymphoma 淋巴瘤
7. carcinogen 致癌物
8. minuscule 很小的，很不重要
9. consensus 輿論
10. wallop 亂竄，猛沖，沖擊力
11. epidemiological 流行病學(xué)的
12. blistering 羅嗦的，胡扯的
13. critique 評(píng)論，批評(píng)
14. imprimatur 出版許可(官方審查后的)，批準(zhǔn)
難句譯注
1. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.
[參考譯文] 由于這問(wèn)題的證據(jù)還不是結(jié)論性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就難以斷定有關(guān)電力對(duì)身體的影響的顧慮是合乎情理，還是毫無(wú)根據(jù)的懷疑。
2. EPA——U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署
3. While the report falls short (缺乏，不夠) of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”
[參考譯文] 雖然報(bào)告沒(méi)有把極低頻磁場(chǎng)歸類(lèi)為可能致癌物，但它確實(shí)指出通常60赫茲的磁場(chǎng)是“一種雖尚未證實(shí)，但可能導(dǎo)致人患癌癥的因素。”
4. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the Whit House
[參考譯文] 證據(jù)爭(zhēng)議性仍然很大，所以報(bào)告草案在布什政府內(nèi)引起巨大的爭(zhēng)辯，而環(huán)保署無(wú)視無(wú)角大樓和白宮的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，公布了這份報(bào)告。
5. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate.
[參考譯文] 這遠(yuǎn)比細(xì)胞所產(chǎn)生的電磁場(chǎng)低的多。
6. …and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body.
[參考譯文] 而且?guī)资陙?lái)，科學(xué)家專注于更為強(qiáng)大的輻射類(lèi)別，如X光射線，其聚合的沖擊力足以把電子從組成人體的分子中撞出來(lái)。
7. But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect.
[參考譯文] 可是流行病學(xué)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，幾組資料在數(shù)據(jù)方面有所關(guān)聯(lián)，卻沒(méi)有證實(shí)其因果關(guān)系。
8. a body of laboratory work 一批研究成果。
9. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link.
[參考譯文] 在長(zhǎng)達(dá)33頁(yè)的對(duì)環(huán)保署文件的十分尖銳的批評(píng)中，空軍方面的科學(xué)家指責(zé)，作者歪曲整個(gè)文件以證明癌癥和電磁場(chǎng)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。
10. It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.
[參考譯文] 令人驚訝的是環(huán)保署竟然批準(zhǔn)許可這份報(bào)告的出籠。
寫(xiě)作方法與文章大意
文章以問(wèn)答的方式，對(duì)比的'寫(xiě)作方法，寫(xiě)出了圍繞電力是否影響健康——是否致癌因素的兩種觀點(diǎn)，及其觀點(diǎn)的依據(jù)。一種是美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署為代表的：極低頻磁場(chǎng)是一種可能但還未被證實(shí)的致癌因素，而且無(wú)視白宮和五角大樓反對(duì)，公布了這份報(bào)告。理由是科學(xué)證據(jù)提出了兩者之間的關(guān)聯(lián)偶然性。另一種以空軍中科學(xué)家為主的觀點(diǎn)：電磁場(chǎng)不會(huì)誘發(fā)或觸發(fā)癌癥，而且以歪曲整個(gè)文件來(lái)證明兩者之關(guān)系，批評(píng)了環(huán)保署。其理由人人皆知。因軍隊(duì)中任一單位都有點(diǎn)——從地面雷達(dá)到艦艇飛機(jī)防衛(wèi)系統(tǒng)。
答案祥解
1. D 電力對(duì)癌癥影響的不同觀點(diǎn)。文章一開(kāi)始就提出了“電會(huì)致癌嗎?”這個(gè)問(wèn)題。十多年來(lái)，一大批科學(xué)家和新聞界人士都指出：研究結(jié)果似乎表示：接觸電磁場(chǎng)可能會(huì)增加患白血病和其他惡性腫瘤的危險(xiǎn)性。所以說(shuō)到目前為止還難以確定電力對(duì)健康的影響究竟是理性的，還是杞人憂天。見(jiàn)難句注釋1。第二段公布了環(huán)保署的報(bào)告，見(jiàn)難句注釋3。第三段說(shuō)明：即使有致癌危險(xiǎn)也是極微的。但應(yīng)予以認(rèn)真對(duì)待，進(jìn)行更多的研究。而第七段中空軍方面的科學(xué)家還沒(méi)有被說(shuō)服(見(jiàn)難句注釋9)，明確提出，我們的評(píng)論員認(rèn)為沒(méi)有跡象說(shuō)明環(huán)境中存在的電力會(huì)誘發(fā)或促發(fā)癌癥。
A. 對(duì)致癌因素的研究。 B. 致癌原因方面有爭(zhēng)議的.觀點(diǎn)，這兩項(xiàng)根本部隊(duì)，和文內(nèi)電力毫無(wú)關(guān)系。 C. 電力和癌癥的關(guān)系，文中涉及的是電力究竟會(huì)不會(huì)致癌的兩種觀點(diǎn)，而不是兩者之關(guān)系。
2. A. 電和致癌有一定難以確定的關(guān)系。答案在第二段第三句，環(huán)保署目前的結(jié)論是據(jù)科學(xué)證據(jù)指出極低頻電磁場(chǎng)——具有長(zhǎng)波的電磁場(chǎng)——和白血病，淋巴瘤及腦癌之間有著難以確定的聯(lián)系，見(jiàn)難句注釋3。
A. 電確實(shí)致癌，不對(duì)。 C. 有爭(zhēng)議的。說(shuō)的不夠清楚，爭(zhēng)議什么。 D. 低頻磁場(chǎng)是一個(gè)可能致癌因素。這只是論點(diǎn)的一面。
3. B. 現(xiàn)代軍事的任何部門(mén)都一直依賴于應(yīng)用大量應(yīng)用電子設(shè)備。五角大樓和白宮所以反對(duì)環(huán)保署公布報(bào)告之理由就在此�？哲姺矫娴膶＜宜哉f(shuō)環(huán)保署方面的報(bào)告“歪曲了整個(gè)文件以證明兩者之間的關(guān)系”也在此。見(jiàn)難句注釋4。所以文內(nèi)說(shuō)“角大樓的關(guān)注是可以理解的。”
A. 報(bào)告會(huì)在布什政府內(nèi)引起大規(guī)模的辯論，這是結(jié)果。 C. 五角大樓的關(guān)注是可以理解的，這不是原因。 D. 他們有不同的觀點(diǎn)。
4. 磁場(chǎng)力太弱不會(huì)產(chǎn)生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，當(dāng)電流通過(guò)電纜，產(chǎn)生磁場(chǎng)，對(duì)周?chē)矬w產(chǎn)生(影響)力。許多年來(lái)，科學(xué)家把任何有關(guān)“這些力可能有害的想法”置于一邊(不予考慮)，主要是因?yàn)樗鼈?所產(chǎn)生的力)非常弱。
B. 磁場(chǎng)力比細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的電磁場(chǎng)弱。只是明確指出的事實(shí)。 C. 磁場(chǎng)力對(duì)人的健康有害。不對(duì)。 D. 只有更強(qiáng)的輻射才能把人體中的電子擊出來(lái)。不對(duì)。
5. C. 他們會(huì)采取謹(jǐn)慎小心避開(kāi)電器的途徑。因?yàn)樗麄儾豢赡芟驛項(xiàng)那樣漠不關(guān)心。這種問(wèn)題直接影響人的生命。
B. 他們非常擔(dān)憂。 D. 他們感到震驚，這兩項(xiàng)都不可能，因?yàn)檫�在爭(zhēng)議中，唯一的途徑是盡量避開(kāi)和電器接觸。
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