- 英語四級真題試卷歷年真題及答案 推薦度：
- 相關(guān)推薦
英語四級試卷真題及答案
在學(xué)習(xí)、工作中，我們需要用到試卷的情況非常的多，在各領(lǐng)域中，只要有考核要求，就會有試卷，試卷是命題者按照一定的考核目的編寫出來的。你知道什么樣的試卷才是規(guī)范的嗎？以下是小編精心整理的英語四級試卷真題及答案，僅供參考，大家一起來看看吧。
英語四級試卷真題及答案1
Questions 61-65 are based on the following passage.
Language is,and should be,a livingthing,constantly enriched with new words and forms of expression.Butthere isa vital distinction between good developments,which add to the language,enabling us to say things wecould not say before,and bad developments,whichsubtract from the language by rendering it less precise.Avivacious,colorfuluse of words is not to be confused with mere slovenliness.The kind ofslovenliness in whichsome professionals deliberately indulge is perhaps akin tothe cult(迷信.of theunfinished work,which haseroded most of the arts in our time.And the trueanswer to it is the same that art is enhanced,not hindered,bydiscipline.Youcannot carve satisfactorily in butter.
The corruption of written English hasbeen accompanied by an even sharper decline in the standard of spoken English.We speak very much less well than wascommon among educated Englishmen a generation or two ago.
The modem theatre has played a baneful(有害的)part in dimming our appreciation oflanguage.Instead ofthe immensely articulate dialogue of,for example,Shaw(who was also very insistent on good pronunciation.,audiences are now subjectedto streams of barely literate trivia,often designed,only too well,toexhibitlaek ofcommunication,and larded(夾雜.with theobscenities(下流的話.and grammatical errors of theintellectually impoverished.Emily Post once advised her readers: "Thetheatre is the best possible place to hear correctly-enunciated speech."Alas,no more.One young actress was recently reported to be taking lessons inhow to speakbadly,so that she should fit in better.
But the BBC is the worst traitor.Aideryears of very successfully helping to raise the general standard ofspokenEnglish,it suddenly went into reverse.As the head of the Pronunciation Unitcoyly(含蓄地.put it,"In the1960s the BBC opened thefield to a much wider range of speakers." To hear a BBC disc jockeytalking to thelatest ape-like pop idol is a truly shocking experience of verbalsqualor.And the prospect seems to be of evenworse to come.School teachers areactively encouraged to ignore little Johnnys incoherent grammar,atrociousspelling and haphazard punctuation,because worrying about such thingsmight inhibit his creative genius.
61、The writer relateslinguistic slovenliness to tendencies in the arts today in that they both_________
A.occasionally aim at acertain fluidity
B.appear to shunperfection
C.from time to time showregard for the finishing touch
D.make use of economical shortcuts
62、"Art is enhanced,nothindered,by discipline"(Lines 6-7,Paragraph 1 )means_________
A.an artists work will befiner if he observes certain aesthetic standards
B.an unfinished work is boundto be comparatively inferior
C.the skill of certain artistsconceals their slovenliness
D.artistic expression isinhibited by too many rules
63、Many modem plays,theauthor finds,frequently contain speech which _________
A.is incoherent andlinguistically objectionable
B.is far too ungrammatical formost people to follow
C.unintentionally shocks theaudience
D.tries to hide the authorsintellectual inadequacies
64、The author says that thestandard of the spoken English of BBC _________
A.is the worst among allbroadcasting networks
B.has taken a turn for theworse since the 1960s
C.has raised English-speakingup to a new level
D.is terrible because of a fewpopular disc jockeys
65、Teachers are likely tooverlook the linguistic lapses in their pupils since_________
A.they find that children nolonger respond to this kind of discipline nowadays
B.they fear the children maybecome less coherent
C.more importance is nowattached to oral expression
D.the children may bediscouraged from expressing their ideas
答案解析：
61-65 BAACD
英語四級試卷真題及答案2
Questions 61-65 are based on the following passage.
In thisage of Internet chat,videogames and reality television,there is no shortageof mindless activities to keepa child occupied.Yet,despite the competition,my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure timewriting shortstories.She wants to enter one of her stories into a writing contest,a competitionshe won last year.
As awriter I know about winning contest,and about losing them.I know what it islike to work hard on astory only to receive a rejection slip from thepublisher.I also know the pressures of trying to live up to a reputationcreatedby previous victories.What if she doesnt win the contest again? Thats thestrange thing about being aparent.So many of our own past scars and dashedhopes can surface.
Arevelation(啟示)came last week when I asked her,"Dont you want to win again?" "No," she replied,"I just want to tell the story of an angel going to first grade."
I hadjust spent weeks correcting her stores as she spontaneously(自由地)told them.Telling myself that Iwas merely an experienced writerguiding the young writer across the hall,I offered suggestions forcharacters,conflicts and endings for her tales.The story about a fearful angelstarting first grade was quickly "guided" by meinto the tale of alittle girl with a wild imagination taking her first music lesson.I had turnedher contest into mycontest without even realizing it.
Stayingback and giving kids space to grow is not as easy as it looks.Because I knowvery little about farmanimals who use tools or angels who go to first grade,Ihad to accept the fact that I was coopting(借用)mydaughtersexperience.
Whilestepping back was difficult for me,it was certainly a good first step that Iwill quickly follow with moresteps,putting myself far enough away to give herroom but close enough to help if asked.All the while I will bereminding myselfthat children need room to experiment,grow and find their own voices.
61、What do we learn from the first paragraph?
A.Children do find lots of fun in many mindlessactivities.
B.Rebecca is much too occupied to enjoy herleisure time.
C.Rebecca draws on a lot of online materials forher writing.
D.A lot of distractions compete for Childrenstime nowadays.
62、What did the author say about her own writingexperience?
A.She did not quite live up to her reputation as awriter.
B.Her way to success was full of pains andfrustrations.
C.She was constantly under pressure of writingmore.
D.Most of her stories had been rejected bypublishers.
63、Why did Rebecca want to enter this yearswriting contest?
A.She believed she possessed real talent forwriting.
B.She was sure of winning with her mothers help.
C.She wanted to share her stories with readers.
D.She had won a prize in the previous contest.
64、The author took great pains to refine herdaughters stories because ____
A.she believed she had the knowledge andexperience to offer guidance
B.she did not want to disappoint Rebecca whoneeded her help so much
C.she wanted to help Rebecca realize her dream ofbecoming a writer
D.she was afraid Rebeccas imagination might runwild while writing
65、Whats the authors advice for parents?
A.A writing career,though attractive,is not forevery child to pursue.
B.Children should be allowed freedom to growthrough experience.
C.Parents should keep an eye on the activitiestheir kids engage in.
D.Children should be given every chance to voicetheir opinions.
答案解析：
61-65 DBCAB
英語四級試卷真題及答案3
Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see on TV —if they everget home in time.There are similarities,of course,but the cops dont think much of them.
The first difference is that a policemans real life revolves round the law.Most of his training is in criminal law.He has to know exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court.He has to know as a professional lawyer,and what is more,he has to apply it on his feet,in the dark and rain,running down an alley after someone he wants to talk to.
Little of his time is spent in chatting to scantily-clad(穿衣不多的)ladies or in dramatic confrontationswith desperate criminals.He will spend most of his working life typing millions of words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad,unimportant people who are guilty —or not —of stupid,petty crimes.
Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as hes arrested,the story is over.i real life,finding criminals is seldom much of a problem.Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorist attacks — where failure to produce results reflects on the standing of the police —little effortis spent on searching.
Having made an arrest,a detective really starts to work.He has to prove his case in court and to do thathe often has to gather a lot of different evidence.So,as well as being overworked,a detective has to beout at all hours of the day and night interviewing his witnesses and persuade them usually against their own best interests,to help him.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.The first sentence implies that ________.
A.the life of the real policemen and that of the policemen on TV are entirely different
B.the real policemen will find the similarities if they can get home in time
C.the real policemen seldom can get home in time to watch TV
D.the policemen shown on TV can always get home in time
2.It is essential for a policeman to be trained in criminal law _____.
A.so that he can catch criminals in the streets
B.because many of the criminals he has to catch are dangerous
C.so that he can justify his arrests in court
D.because he has to know nearly as much about law as a professional lawyer
3.The everyday life of a policeman or detective is ______.
A.exciting and glamorous
B.full of danger
C.devoted mostly to routine matters
D.wasted on unimportant matters
4.When murders and terrorist attacks occur,the police______.
A.prefer to wait for the criminal to give himself away
B.make great efforts to try to track down their man
C.try to make a quick arrest in order to keep up their reputation
D.usually fail to produce results
5.What’s the best title for the passage?
A.Policemen and Detective
B.Policemen’s Life-Fun and Fantasy
C.The Real Life of a Policeman
D.Drama and Reality
參考答案
1.[C] 推理判斷題。本題考查對第1句的理解。if引出的條件狀語從句前的破折號表明這個(gè)假設(shè)是相對于之前的看電視來說的，而不是相對于整句話的。該句特意用if作補(bǔ)充說明，暗示了一些附加的信息：真實(shí)生活中的警察通常很晚回家，連看電視都趕不上。由此可見,C是正確的理解。A說法過于絕對，與原文的hardly不符。
2.[C] 推理判斷題。本題考查內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系。從第2段第3句可以推斷出答案,A毫無原文依據(jù)，原文中也并沒有暗示B和D這兩種因果關(guān)系。
3.[C] 推理判斷題。本題考查對長句的理解。根據(jù)第3段第2句可以推斷出答案。本題最具干擾性的是B，按照常識,警察的工作通常都被認(rèn)為很危險(xiǎn)，但是第3段第1句由Little引出的倒裝句表明了他們很少與亡命之徒交鋒，并非充滿危險(xiǎn)，因此B不對;而D將在文中用來修飾people的unimportant拿來修飾“事情”,顯然偷換概念，曲解原文。
4.[B] 推理判斷題。本題考查對復(fù)合句的理解。答題關(guān)鍵在于正確理解第4段最后一句，except引出的句子暗示警方只有在遇到特別嚴(yán)重的犯罪時(shí)追捕罪犯才會花費(fèi)很大的氣力，B符合文意。本題最具干擾性的是C,由本句第2個(gè)破折號后的內(nèi)容可知此處主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“費(fèi)不費(fèi)勁”的問題，而C中的make a quick airest并未突顯出原文的關(guān)鍵含義，不如B準(zhǔn)確。
5.[C] 主旨大意題。本文的重點(diǎn)是說瞀察們的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，全文將這種現(xiàn)實(shí)生活與電視里面展現(xiàn)的作比較,是為澄清事實(shí)，故C可概括全文主題。
英語四級試卷真題及答案4
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction,biography,poetry—we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.Yet few people ask from books what books can give us.Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds,asking of fiction that it shall be true,of poetry that it shall be false,of biography that it shall be flattering,of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.If we could banish all such preconception when we read,that would be an admirable beginning.Do not dictate to your author; try to become him.Be his fellow worker and accomplice(同謀).If you hang back,and reserve and criticize at first,you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.But if you open your mind as widely as possible,then signs and hints of almost imperceptible finess,from the twist and turn of the first sentences,will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.Steep yourself in this,acquaint yourself with this,and soon you will find that your author is giving you,or attempting to give you,something far more definite.The thirty two chapters of anovel—if we consider how to read a novel first—are an attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building but words are more impalpable than bricks,reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing.Perhaps the quickest way to understand the elements of what a novelist is doing is not to read,but to write; to make your own experiment with the dangers and difficulties of words.Recall,then,some event that has left a distinct impression on you—how at the corner of the street,perhaps,you passed two people talking.A tree shook; an electric light danced; the tone of the talk was comic,but also tragic; a whole vision,an entire conception,seemed contained in that moment.
21.What does the author mean by saying “Yet few people ask from books what books can give us.”?
A.The author means that lots of people read few books.
B.The author thinks that readers have only absorbed part of knowledge in books.
C.The author holds that few people have a proper idea about what content some kind of books should include.
D.The author considers that readers can scarcely understand most of the books.
22.According to the passage,which of the following statement is right?
A.A reader should find some mistakes when he is reading.
B.The more difficult a book is,the more you can get from it.
C.To read something is easier than to watch something.
D.One should be in the same track with the writer when he is reading.
23.What is the possible meaning of “impalpable”(Paragraph 2)in the passage?
A.Clear.B.Elusive.C.Delicate.D.Precise.
24.What’s the main idea of this passage?
A.The importance of reading.B.The proper way to read.
C.How to get most from one book.D.The characters of a good book.
25.When a writer is writing he often get the whole conception ____.
A.after a long time’s thinking
B.through an instant inspiration
C.according to his own experience
D.by way of watching the objects attentively
參考答案：
21.答案C。解答此題，正確理解“Yes…us”一句含義是關(guān)鍵。其實(shí)質(zhì)含義是：“許多人讀書時(shí)因觀念不正確，而僅僅能從書本中得到很少的知識獲得很少的啟迪”。這樣，我們就可以對選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行逐個(gè)分析取舍了。A項(xiàng)意為“作者認(rèn)為許多人讀的書都太少”，顯然與我們的分析不符。B項(xiàng)意為“作者認(rèn)為讀者僅僅從書中汲取了部分知識�！边@句話只是引文部分的字面含義，所以也應(yīng)排除。再看C項(xiàng)作者認(rèn)為許多人對某類書應(yīng)該包含什么樣的內(nèi)容沒有正確的觀念。這才是作者的隱含意思，所以是正確的。而D項(xiàng)“作者認(rèn)為許多讀者對大量的書都不能讀懂�！边@也是一種錯(cuò)誤的理解，也應(yīng)排除。這樣就可確定選項(xiàng)為C。
22.答案D。此題只能用排除法，去掉與文章細(xì)節(jié)不符的選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)A意為“讀者在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)該能發(fā)現(xiàn)一些錯(cuò)誤�！蔽恼轮袥]有此細(xì)節(jié)，可排除。B項(xiàng)“一本書越難讀，從中得到知識也越多�！币才c文意無關(guān)。再看C項(xiàng)“閱讀比觀看容易。”根據(jù)文章第二段第四句最后一分句可知這正與作者的觀點(diǎn)相反，故也排除。最后只剩下D項(xiàng)，應(yīng)為正確答案。而其內(nèi)容“讀者在閱讀時(shí)應(yīng)和作者保持一致。”正是作者的觀點(diǎn)，無疑正確。
23.答案B。先看上文：作家想把素材安排得像一座完整的大房，使之具體化。接下來就是含有“impalpable”一句。句首用“but”引導(dǎo)，有轉(zhuǎn)折含義。所以此單詞意義可能與“具體”相對。再看下文，閱讀比觀看更復(fù)雜和費(fèi)時(shí)。這樣，該詞的含義就可以基本確定了，應(yīng)該是“非常抽象難以捉摸的”之類的意思。(這里與”磚頭”相比，更加強(qiáng)了這一點(diǎn))據(jù)此可排除A、D項(xiàng)。C項(xiàng)意為“微妙”，意近。但B項(xiàng)恰好意為“難以捉摸的”，更與生詞含義接近，所以應(yīng)選B。此題目C項(xiàng)干擾性較大，注意要避免匆忙選擇，而功虧一簣。
24.答案B。解答此題關(guān)鍵在于先弄清文章的主旨和大意。在此基礎(chǔ)上就可進(jìn)行選棄了。此短文主要講“何為正確的讀書方法”。據(jù)此，A項(xiàng)“閱讀的重要性”，C項(xiàng)“如何從書中獲取最多的信息”，D項(xiàng)“一本好書的特征”，均不能選。而B項(xiàng)“何為正確的讀書方法”，正與我們的分析不謀而合，所以B為正確答案無疑。
25.答案B。答案可從文章最后一句獲得。解答此類題的關(guān)鍵就是找到并正確理解有關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)最后一句可知“作家構(gòu)思的獲得是通過瞬間的感悟�！笨纱_定：B項(xiàng)為正確答案。
英語四級試卷真題及答案5
It came as something of a surprise when Diana,Princess of Wales,made a trip to Angola in 1997,to support the Red Cross campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines.Within hours of arriving in Angola,television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines."I knew the statistics," she said."But putting a face to those figures broughtthe reality home to me; like when I met Sandra,a 13-year-old girl who had lost her leg,and people like her."
The Princess concluded with a simple message: "We must stop landmines".And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message.
But,back in London,her views were not shared by some members of the British government,which refused tosupport a ban on these weapons.Angry politicians launched an attack On the Princess in the press.They described her as "very ill-informed" and a "loose cannon(亂放炮的人)
The Princess responded by brushing aside the Criticisms: "This is a distraction(干擾)we do not need.AllI’m trying to do is help."
Opposition parties,the media and the public immediately voiced their Support for the Princess.To make matters worse for the government,it soon emerged that the Princess trip had been approved by the Foreign Office,and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.The result was a severe embarrassment for the government.
To try and limit the damage,the Foreign Secretary,Malcolm Rifkidnd,claimed that the Princess views on landmines were not very different from government policy,and that it was "working towards" a worldwide ban.The Defence Secretary,Michael Portillo,claimed the matter was "a misinterpretation or misunderstanding." -
For the Princess,the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause.She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997 _____
A.to clarify the British governments stand on landmines
B.to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims
C.to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there
D.to voice her support for a total ban of landmines
2.What did Diana mean when she said "...putting a face to those figures brought the realityhome to me"(Line 5,Para.1)?
A.Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics.
B.She just couldn’t bear to meet the landmine victims face to face.
C.The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home.
D.Seeing the pain of the victims made realize the seriousness of the situation.
3.Some members of the British government criticized Diana because _____
A.she had not consulted the government before the visit
B.she was ill-informed of the governments policy
C.they were actually opposed to banning landmines
D.they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola
4.How did Diana respond to the criticisms?
A.She made more :appearances on TV.
B.She paid no attention to them.
C.She rose to argue with her opponents.
D.She met the 13-year-old girl as planned.
5.What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola?
A.It had caused embarrassment to the British government.
B.It had greatly promoted her popularity.
C.It had brought her closer to the ordinary people.
D.It had affected her relations with the British government.
參考答案
1.[A]根據(jù)題干中的時(shí)間、人名可以馬上找到信息源為文章第1句，其中的不定式正好與選項(xiàng)的形式一致,表示目的，只要將選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與原文第1句中的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)容相對照即可得出答案為A。
2.[D]此題考查語義及邏輯推理能力，關(guān)鍵在于理解brought the reality home to sb.(使某人了解到現(xiàn)實(shí))及I knew the statistics,but...的隱含義“我知道統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，但是(沒想到會這么嚴(yán)重)”。再結(jié)合上文可知D的表述正確。C錯(cuò)在黛安娜不是親身看到那些受害者之后才相信該統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字的。
3.[B]第3段第1句指出，回到倫敦，她的觀點(diǎn)并沒有得到英國政府的一些官員的認(rèn)可。黛安娜是支持banning landmines(禁止地雷)的，故英國政府的一些官員是反對禁止地雷，因此答案選B。而從第5段第2句“……黛安娜王妃出訪已獲英國外交部批準(zhǔn)，而且事實(shí)上她對安哥拉的形勢和英國政府有關(guān)地雷的政策都很了解�！笨芍狝、C、D的說法均不正確。
4.[A]此題關(guān)鍵在于理解第4段第1句中brush aside“無視,不顧，漠視”這個(gè)短語，A的paid no attention與brush aside同義,故選A。
5.[B]根據(jù)文章最后一句，黛安娜總結(jié)其出訪安哥拉的意義，B中的brought her closer to the ordinary people是原文get closer to people and their problems的同義改寫。
英語四級試卷真題及答案6
Most episodes of absent-mindedness forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered aroom-are caused by a simple lack of attention,says Schacter.“You’re supposed to remember something,butyou haven’t encoded it deeply.”
Encoding,Schacter explains,is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later.Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations.If you put your mobile phonein a pocket,for example,and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation,you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in you wardrobe(衣柜).“Your memory itself isn’t failing you,” says Schacter.“Rather,you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.”
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness.“A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,” says Zelinski,“may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men,possibly because they pay more attention to their environment,and memory relies on justthat.
Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness,says Schacter.“But be sure the cue is clear and available,” he cautions.If you want to remember to take a medication(藥物)with lunch,put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there.Most likely,you were thinking about something else.“Everyone does this from time to time,” says Zelinski.The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room,and you’ll likely remember.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?
A.It helps us understand our memory system better.
B.It enables us to recall something form our memory.
C.It expands our memory capacity considerably.
D.It slows down the process of losing our memory.
2.One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that ________.
A.they have a wider range of interests
B.they are more reliant on the environment
C.they have an unusual power of focusing their attention
D.they are more interested in what’s happening around them
3.A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because ________.
A.it will easily get lost
B.it’s not clear enough for you to read
C.it’s out of your sight
D.it might get mixed up with other things
4.What do we learn from the last paragraph?
A.If we focus our attention on one thing,we might forget another.
B.Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.
C.Repetition helps improve our memory.
D.If we keep forgetting things,we’d better return to where we were.
5.What is the passage mainly about?
A.The process of gradual memory loss.
B.The causes of absent-mindedness.
C.The impact of the environment on memory.
D.A way if encoding and recalling.
參考答案
1.[B]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第2段第1句可知，encoding是關(guān)注某事的一種特殊方式，這影響到以后是否能回憶起這件事來，因此B正確。
2.[D]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第3段第3句，“女性比男性的記憶力稍強(qiáng)，這也許是因?yàn)樗齻儗χ車沫h(huán)境更加注意，而記憶正是依靠這個(gè)”，故選D “她們對于周圍發(fā)生的事更感興趣”。
3.[C]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第4段首句中說到的“視覺線索可以防止遺忘某事”可知破折號之后的警告“不要把藥瓶放在藥箱里，然后寫一張紙條裝進(jìn)口袋”正是為了防止藥瓶、提示性信條離開了視線，故選C。
4.[A]推斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的前兩句“心不在焉的另一個(gè)常見的情景是:走進(jìn)房間,卻不知為什么要進(jìn)來。你很有可能是在想別的事”,可知本題答案為A。
5.[B]主旨題。根據(jù)第1、3、5段的首句可以得出，本文主要講的是精神不集中的原因，故選B。
英語四級試卷真題及答案7
Section B
Directions: In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.
You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
Addicted,Really?
A.Mental-health specialists disagree over whether to classify compulsive online behaviour as addiction---and how to treat it.Craig Smallwood,a disabled American war veteran,spent more than 20,000 hours over five years playing an online role-playing game called "Lineage II".When NCsoft,the South Korean firm behind the game,accused him of breaking the games rules and banned him,he was plunged into depression,severe paranoia(偏執(zhí))and hallucinations(幻想).He spent three weeks in hospital.After that,he sued NCsoft for fraud and negligence(過失 ),demanding over $ 9m in damages and claiming that the company acted negligently by failing to warn him of the danger that he would become "addicted" to the game.
B.But does it make sense to talk of addiction to online activity? Mental-health specialists say three online behaviors can become problematic for many people: video games,pornography(色情作品 )and messaging via e-mail and social networks.But there is far less agreement about whether any of this should be called "Internet addiction"--or how to treat it.
C.Some mental-health specialists wanted "Internet addiction" to be included in the fifth version of psychiatrys bible,the"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders",known as DSM-V,which is currently being overhauled(全面修訂).The American Medical Association endorsed(贊成)the idea in 2007,only to backtrack(放棄)days later.The American Journal of Psychiatry called Internet addiction a &;quot;common disorder" and supported its recognition.Last year the DSM-V drafting group made its decision: lnteruet addiction would not be included as a "behavioral addiction"--only gambling made the cut--but it said further study was necessary.
D.Skeptics say there is nothing uniquely addictive about the Internet.Back in 2000,Joseph Walther,a communications professor at Michigan State University,co-wrote an article in which he suggested,tongue in cheek,that the criteria used to call someone an Internet addict might also show that most professors were "addicted" to academia(學(xué)術(shù)活動).He argued that other factors,such as depression,are the real problem.
He stands by that view today."No scientific evidence has emerged to suggest that lnternet use is a cause rather than a consequence of some other sort of issue," he says."Focusing on and treating people for Internet addiction,rather than looking for underlying clinical issues,is definitely unwise."
E.Others disagree."That would be wrong," says Kimberly Young,a researcher and therapist who has worked on Interact addiction since 1994.She insists that the Internet,with its powerfully immersive environments,creates new problems that people must learn to navigate(應(yīng)對).Otherwise,the changing lifestyle will affect the development of the society.
F.No one disputes that online habits can turn toxic.Take South Korea,where widespread broadband means that the average high-school student plays video games for 23 hours each week.In 2007 the government estimated that around 210,000 children needed treatment for Internet addiction.In 2010 newspapers around the globe carried the story of a South Korean couple who fed their infant daughter so little that she starved to death.Instead of caring for the child,the couple spent most nights at an Internet cafe,sinking hours into a role- playing game in which they raised,fed and cared for a virtual daughter.And several South Korean men have died from exhaustion after marathon,multi-day gaming sessions.
G.The South Korean government has since asked game developers to adopt a gaming curfew(宵禁)for children,to prevent them playing between midnight and 8 a.m.At the same time,it has also opened more than 100 clinics for Internet addiction and sponsored an "Internet rescue camp" for serious cases.
H.But compulsive behaviour is not limited to garners.E-mail or web-use behaviours can also show signs of addiction.Getting through a business lunch in which no one pulls out a phone to check their messages now counts as a minor miracle in many quarters.A deluge(泛濫)of self-help books,most recently "Alone Together" by Sherry Turlde,a social scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,offer advice on how to unplug(去除障礙).
I.Pornography is hardly new,either,but the Internet makes accessing it much easier than ever before.When something can be summoned in an instant via broadband,whether it is a game world,an e-mail inbox or pornographic material,it is harder to resist.New services lead to new complaints.When online auction sites first became popular,talk of "eBay addiction" soon followed.Dr.Young says women complain to her now about addiction to Facebook--or even to "FarmVille",a game playable only within Facebook.
J.Treatment centres have popped up around the world with the popularity of online games.In 2006 Amsterdams Smith &; Jones facility billed itself as "the first and,currently,the only residential video-game treatment program in the world".In America the reSTART Internet Addiction Recovery Program claims to treat Internet addiction,gaming addiction,and even "texting addiction".In China,meanwhile,military-style "boot camps" are the preferred way to treat Internet problems.
K.Yet many people like feeling permanently connected.As Arikia Millikan,an American blogger,once put it,"If I could be jacked in at every waking hour of the day,I would,and I think a lot of my peers would do the,same." Bob LaRose,an Internet specialist at Michigan State University,doesnt believe her.In his research on college students,he found that most sense when they are "going overboard and restore self-control".Less than1% have a pathological(病態(tài)的)problem,he adds.For most people,Internet use "is just a habit--and one that brings us pleasure."
46.According to Joseph Walther,it is unwise to emphasize the treatment of Internet addiction instead of seeking for potential clinical issues.
47.As online games become popular,treatment centres have sprung up all over the world.
48.After playing online games continuously for days,several South Korean men were exhausted to death.
49.Smallwood sued NCsoft and claimed a huge compensation for fraud and its negligence of warning him of the danger of game addiction.
50.In South Korea,a gaming curfew for children was adopted to prevent children playing after midnight.
5l.Internet addiction still needs to be further studied though the DSM-V did not categorize it as a "behavioral addiction".
52.An lnternet specialist found that most college students could realize when they are going too far and restore self-control.
53.According to mental-health specialists,for many people,video games,pornography and messaging via e-mail and social networks can become problematic online behaviors.
54.People regard it as a small miracle if nobody takes out a phone to read the messages at a business lunch.
55.Kimberly Young insists that people must learn to deal with new problems brought about by the Interact.
【參考譯文】
真的是“上癮”嗎
A.強(qiáng)迫性的上網(wǎng)行為是否屬于成癮行為，又該如何治療，心理健康專家對此意見不一。Craig Smallwood是美國的一位傷殘退伍軍人。五年間，他花了兩萬多小時(shí)玩一個(gè)名為“天堂Ⅱ”的在線角色扮演類游戲。當(dāng)該游戲的開發(fā)商，韓國NCsoft公司指責(zé)Craig違反游戲規(guī)則，并將他的游戲賬號封停時(shí)，他突然陷入抑郁及嚴(yán)重的偏執(zhí)和幻想之中。[49]他到醫(yī)院接受了三周的治療。在這之后，smanwood以欺詐和過失為由控告Ncsoft公司，聲稱該公司沒有告誡他該游戲的“網(wǎng)癮”危害，要求獲得900多萬美元的賠償金。
B.但是上網(wǎng)是否屬于一種成癮的行為呢?[53]心理健康專家認(rèn)為有三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為對很多人來說可能是問題性的(即容易停不下來)：玩電子游戲、瀏覽色情作品以及通過電子郵件和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)收發(fā)信息。然而，關(guān)于這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為是否能被稱為“網(wǎng)癮”，又該如何治療，專家們遠(yuǎn)未達(dá)成一致。
C.一些心理健康專家希望將“網(wǎng)癮”列入新近正在全面修訂的第五版精神病學(xué)的圣經(jīng)——《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊》(即第五版DSM)中。2007年，美國醫(yī)學(xué)會曾一度贊成這一想法，但數(shù)天之后卻改變了態(tài)度�！睹绹癫W(xué)雜志》將網(wǎng)癮稱作一種“常見疾病”，并主張予以認(rèn)定。[51]去年，第五版《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊》編撰小塑決定，網(wǎng)癮將不會被劃入“行為成癮”范疇——只有賭博行為被劃入此列—二但是有必要對網(wǎng)癮進(jìn)一步展開研究。
D.持懷疑態(tài)度的人認(rèn)為，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)并沒有讓人上癮的特性。早在2000年，美國密歇根州立大學(xué)傳播學(xué)教授Joseph Walther就曾在與他人合作的一篇文章中頗具諷刺性地寫道，用來評價(jià)某人是“網(wǎng)絡(luò)狂”的那個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或許也顯示了大多數(shù)的教授都是“學(xué)術(shù)狂”。Walther教授認(rèn)為，諸如抑郁等其他因素才是真正的問題所在。他至今仍堅(jiān)持這種觀點(diǎn)。他說：“尚無科學(xué)依據(jù)證實(shí)網(wǎng)癮是由于使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，而不是由其他因素造成的。[46]如果只是關(guān)注和治療上網(wǎng)成癮，而不去尋找潛藏的臨床問題，這絕對是不明智的�！�
E.也有人反對這種說法。自1994年便開始研究網(wǎng)癮的研究員、心理治療師KimbertyYoung表示：“那種說法可能有誤�！盵55]Young強(qiáng)調(diào)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境具有強(qiáng)大的吸引力，人們必須學(xué)會應(yīng)對由其引發(fā)的新問題。否則，不斷變化的生活方式將會影響社會的發(fā)展。
F.沒有人質(zhì)疑習(xí)慣性上網(wǎng)會對人有害(這個(gè)事實(shí))。以韓國為例，寬帶的普及導(dǎo)致韓國的高中生平均每周玩23個(gè)小時(shí)的電子游戲。2007年，韓國政府估計(jì)有近21萬的兒童需要接受網(wǎng)癮治療。2010年全球的報(bào)紙都報(bào)道了一則新聞，即一對韓國夫妻因喂養(yǎng)不足導(dǎo)致女嬰被餓死。這對夫妻不照顧現(xiàn)實(shí)中的親生女兒，卻大多數(shù)夜晚都泡在網(wǎng)吧里，沉浸在一個(gè)在線喂養(yǎng)和照顧虛擬女兒的角色扮演游戲中。[48]另外，還有幾名韓國男性多日持續(xù)沉浸于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，因疲勞過度而死亡。
G.[50]此后，韓國政府要求游戲開發(fā)商對兒童采取網(wǎng)游宵禁，禁止他們在午夜到早晨8點(diǎn)之間玩游戲。同時(shí)，政府還開設(shè)了100家網(wǎng)癮治療診所，并資助了針對嚴(yán)重病例開辦的“網(wǎng)癮拯救營”。
H.但強(qiáng)迫性上網(wǎng)行為并不僅僅局限于網(wǎng)游玩家。使用電子郵件和瀏覽網(wǎng)頁也可能表現(xiàn)出上癮的跡象。[54]如果在一次商業(yè)午餐中，沒有人拿出手機(jī)查看信息，那么在許多人看來這都算是個(gè)小小的奇跡�，F(xiàn)在有許多“自救”書籍，例如美國麻省理工學(xué)院的社會學(xué)家Sherry Turkle最近就出版了一本新書《一起孤獨(dú)》，書中為如何擺脫網(wǎng)癮提供了建議。
I.色情作品由來已久，但是網(wǎng)絡(luò)讓人們比以往更容易接觸到色情資源。無論是游戲還是電子郵件，或是色情資源，只要是能夠通過寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)立刻獲得的東西，人們就很難抵擋其誘惑。新型服務(wù)會滋生新的問題。自網(wǎng)上拍賣網(wǎng)站開始流行后，不久“eBay上癮”的說法就隨之而來。Young醫(yī)生表示，現(xiàn)在有很多女性向她訴苦，因?yàn)镕acebook或只能在Facebook上玩的“開心農(nóng)場”游戲讓她們非常上癮。
J.[47]墮著網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的流行，治療中心在全球如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)。2006年，位于阿姆斯特丹的史密斯與瓊斯治療中心成立，并自稱為“目前世界上第一家、也是唯一一家寄宿式電子游戲癮治療中心”。美國reSTART網(wǎng)癮康復(fù)項(xiàng)目聲稱能治療網(wǎng)癮、游戲癮，甚至還有“短信癮”。在中國，軍事化管理的“訓(xùn)練營”成為了治療網(wǎng)癮的主要方式。
K.然而許多人喜歡保持在線的感覺。美國的一位博主ArikiaMillikan曾經(jīng)說過：“如果可以的話，我愿意在我醒著的每時(shí)每刻都在線，我相信我的很多同齡人也會這么做�！比欢�，美國密歇根州立大學(xué)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)專家BobLaRose對此表示懷疑。[52]在他對大學(xué)生展開的一項(xiàng)研究中，LaRose發(fā)現(xiàn)他們中的大多數(shù)人一旦感覺自己玩得太過火，就會恢復(fù)自控。LaRose還表示，只有不到1%的人會出現(xiàn)病態(tài)問題。對于大部分人來說，使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)“只是一種習(xí)慣——并且是一種能夠帶來快樂的習(xí)慣”。
【答案解析】
46.D
解析：題干意為，根據(jù)JosephWalther所說，只關(guān)注對上網(wǎng)成癮的治療，而不尋找其潛在的臨床問題，這是不明智的。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息Joseph Walther、unwise、instead of和potential clinicalissues，文中論及JosephWalther教授觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在D段，該段倒數(shù)第二句提到，Walther教授認(rèn)為尚無科學(xué)依據(jù)證實(shí)網(wǎng)癮是由于使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，而不是由其他因素造成的。該段最后一句則提到，Walther教授認(rèn)為，如果只是關(guān)注和治療上網(wǎng)成癮，而不去尋找潛藏的臨床問題，這絕對是不明智的。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為D。
47.J
解析：題干意為，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲變得流行，治療中心在全球各地不斷涌現(xiàn)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息online games、popular和treatment centres。文中論及全球涌現(xiàn)治療中心的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在J段，該段首句提到，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲的流行，治療中心在全球如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)。其中，題干中的spring up對應(yīng)原文中的popup，由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為J。
48.F
解析：題干意為，在數(shù)日不間斷地玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲之后，幾名韓國男性因精疲力竭而死。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息several South Korean men和exhausted。文中論及韓國人受到網(wǎng)癮危害的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在F段，該段第一句提到人們一致認(rèn)為上網(wǎng)成癮對人有害。該段最后一句則提到了幾名韓國男性多日持續(xù)沉浸于網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲，因疲勞過度而死亡的例子。由此可知，題于是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為F。
49.A
解析：題干意為，Smallwood以欺詐和疏于告知其可能游戲成癮的罪名控告NCsoft公司，并索取巨額的賠償。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息Smallwood、NCsoft和fraudanditsnegligence。文中論及Smallwood的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在A段，該段提到，Craig SmMlwood因違反游戲規(guī)則，被游戲開發(fā)商韓國NCsoft公司封停了游戲賬號，為此他極度抑郁，并陷入嚴(yán)重的偏執(zhí)和幻想中。該段最后一句提到，Smallwoo以欺詐和過失為由控告NCsoft公司，聲稱該公司沒有告誡他該游戲的“網(wǎng)癮”危害，要求獲得900多萬美元的賠償金。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為A。
50.G
解析：題干意為，在韓國實(shí)行了網(wǎng)游宵禁，以阻止兒童在午夜之后繼續(xù)玩網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息SouthKorea和gaming curfew。文中論及韓國實(shí)行網(wǎng)游宵禁的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在G段，該段第一句提到，韓國政府要求游戲開發(fā)商對兒童采取網(wǎng)游宵禁，禁止他們在午夜到早晨8點(diǎn)之間玩游戲。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為G。
51.C
解析：題干意為，盡管第五版的《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊》沒有將網(wǎng)癮歸為“行為成癮”，但是這種現(xiàn)象仍然需要進(jìn)一步研究。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息lntemet addiction、further studied和behavioraladdiction。文中論及第五版的《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊》如何界定網(wǎng)癮的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在c段。該段最后一句提到，去年，第五版《精神疾病診斷與統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊》編撰小組決定，網(wǎng)癮將不會被劃入“行為成癮”范疇——只有賭博行為被劃入此列——但是有必要對網(wǎng)癮進(jìn)一步展開研究。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為C。
52.K
解析：題干意為，一位互聯(lián)網(wǎng)專家發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)學(xué)生在意識到自己玩得太過火后，就會恢復(fù)自控。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息college students和restore self-control。文中論及大學(xué)生可以自控上網(wǎng)行為的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在K段，該段第四句提到，在對大學(xué)生展開的一項(xiàng)研究中，BobLaRose發(fā)現(xiàn)他們中的大多數(shù)人一旦感覺自己玩得太過火，就會恢復(fù)自控。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為K。
53.B
解析：題干意為，根據(jù)心理健康專家所說，對于很多人來說，玩電子游戲、瀏覽色情作品以及通過電子郵件和社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)收發(fā)信息這三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為可能會成為問題。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息mental-healthspecialists、video games、pornography and messagin9和problematic。文中論及這一事實(shí)的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在B段，該段第二句提到，心理健康專家認(rèn)為有三種網(wǎng)絡(luò)行為對很多人來說可能是問題性的(即容易停不下來)：玩電子游戲、瀏覽色情作品以及通過電子郵件和社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)收發(fā)信息。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為B。
54.H
解析：題干意為，在許多人看來，如果在一次商業(yè)午餐中，沒有人拿出手機(jī)查看信息，那這簡直是一個(gè)小的奇跡。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息miracle、a phone和a business lunch。文中論及商業(yè)午餐的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在H段。該段第三句提到，如果在一次商業(yè)午餐中，沒有人拿出手機(jī)查看信息，那么在許多人看來這都算是個(gè)小小的奇跡。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為H。
55.E
解析：題干意為，KimbedyYoung強(qiáng)調(diào)人們必須學(xué)會應(yīng)對互聯(lián)網(wǎng)引發(fā)的新問題。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息Kimberly Young insists、new problems和the Intemet。文中論及Kimberly Young相關(guān)觀點(diǎn)的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在E段，該段第三句提到，Youn9強(qiáng)調(diào)，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)環(huán)境具有強(qiáng)大的吸引力，人們必須學(xué)會應(yīng)對由其引發(fā)的新問題。由此可知，題干是對原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為E。
英語四級試卷真題及答案8
Passage Three
Method of Scientific Inquiry
Why the inductive and mathematical sciences,after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization,advanced so slowly for two thousand years—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated,which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant.Was it the employment of a new method of research,or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods,that this singular modern phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development,and is the modern era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible,save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?
The explanation which has become commonplace,that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries,while the moderns employ induction,proves to be too narrow,and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modern scientific doctrines and inquiries.For all knowledge is founded on observation,and proceeds from this by analysis,by synthesis and analysis,by induction and deduction,and if possible by verification,or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction—by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods,or parts of one method,which have been generalized from the examples of science.
A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods,an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment,carelessness in observation,neglect of relevant facts,by appeal to experiment and observation—these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth,whether among the ancients or the moderns; but this statement does not explain why the modern is possessed of a greater virtue,and by what means he attained his superiority.Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.
The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “ideas”—in the neglect among the ancients of the former,and their too exclusive attention to the latter—proves also to be too narrow,as well as open to the charge of vagueness.For in the first place,the antithesis is not complete.Facts and theories are not coordinate species.Theories,if true,are facts—a particular class of facts indeed,generally complex,and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents,have all the positive attributes of theories.
Nevertheless,this distinction,however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science,is well founded,and connotes an important character in true method.A fact is a proposition of simple.A theory,on the other hand,if true has all the characteristics of a fact,except that its verification is possible only by indirect,remote,and difficult means.To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification,and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact.
1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
[A].Philosophy of mathematics.[B].The Recent Growth in Science.
[C].The Verification of Facts.[C].Methods of Scientific Inquiry.
2.According to the author,one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is
[A].the similarity between the two periods.
[B].that it was an act of God.
[C].that both tried to develop the inductive method.
[D].due to the decline of the deductive method.
3.The difference between “fact” and “theory”
[A].is that the latter needs confirmation.
[B].rests on the simplicity of the former.
[C].is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks.
[D].helps us to understand the deductive method.
4.According to the author,mathematics is
[A].an inductive science.[B].in need of simple verification.
[C].a deductive science.[D].based on fact and theory.
5.The statement “Theories are facts” may be called.
[A].a metaphor.[B].a paradox.
[C].an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods.
[D].a pun.
答案詳解
1.D.科學(xué)研究/探索的方法。文章一開始就提出問題，為什么從希臘文化頂峰時(shí)期后兩千年來歸納法和數(shù)學(xué)科學(xué)發(fā)展如此緩慢，而后的兩百年又超越了前人，是應(yīng)用新，舊方法關(guān)系還是其它（見難句譯注1，2）。第二段講埃及古代在科學(xué)探索中運(yùn)用了演繹推理法，而現(xiàn)在應(yīng)用了歸納法。這種解釋太狹隘，經(jīng)仔細(xì)審核，難以很清晰地點(diǎn)明古代和現(xiàn)代科學(xué)教義和探究上明顯的差別。因?yàn)橐磺兄R都基于觀察，通過分析，綜合，或綜合分析，歸納演繹推理，有可能的話，經(jīng)過校正或經(jīng)由演繹指導(dǎo)下再觀察而向前推進(jìn)。第三段進(jìn)一步闡明不用這些方法觀察，實(shí)驗(yàn);忽略相關(guān)事實(shí)，推理不慎;不能答出理論的結(jié)論，再用實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察來檢驗(yàn)等或用得不全，不論在古代還是現(xiàn)代都會失敗。但這不能說明為什么現(xiàn)代科學(xué)具有較高的功效，通過什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用說說明最近科學(xué)突飛猛進(jìn)的原因。第四，五段涉及事實(shí)和理論的關(guān)系。
A.數(shù)學(xué)的哲學(xué)，文內(nèi)沒有提。 B.近來科學(xué)的發(fā)展。 C.事實(shí)的驗(yàn)證，只是最后兩段提及驗(yàn)證方法之作用。
2.B.是上天的安排，這是作家在用方法論等失敗后得出的結(jié)論。見難句譯注4，第一段最后一句話。
A.兩個(gè)階段的相似性。 .兩者都試圖應(yīng)用歸納法。 D.由于演繹法的衰落。
3.A.后者需要證實(shí)。答案在第四，五段，死段試圖在事實(shí)的對立面和理論，或事實(shí)和思想中發(fā)現(xiàn)上述現(xiàn)象的解釋看起來有餓太狹隘，也會因模糊不清遭批評。因?yàn)�，對立面不全面，事�?shí)和理論不是同類的事物。理論，如果是真正的理論，就是事實(shí)——一種特殊類別的事實(shí)，一般復(fù)雜，但仍是事實(shí)。而事實(shí)，從詞的狹義來說，如果很復(fù)雜，如果各成分中存在著邏輯的聯(lián)系，就具有理論的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事實(shí)是一個(gè)提議，通過運(yùn)用知識的源泉和經(jīng)驗(yàn)而證實(shí)的提議直接而又簡單。而理論，若是真理論，就有事實(shí)的一切特性（除非其證實(shí)只能通過非直接的，遙遠(yuǎn)的和困難的方式方法），把理論轉(zhuǎn)成事實(shí)必須用簡單的核實(shí)，理論因此具有事實(shí)的一切特性。
B.前者簡單。 C.是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家和古希臘的差異。 D.幫助我們了解演繹法，三項(xiàng)都不對。
4.C.是推理演繹科學(xué)，這個(gè)問題常識就能回答。
A.歸納法科學(xué)。 B.需要簡單證實(shí)。 D.基于事實(shí)和理論。
5.B.是一個(gè)悖論，見第四，五段注釋。
A.比喻。 C.對歸納法和演繹法的贊揚(yáng)。 D.雙關(guān)語。
英語四級試卷真題及答案9
Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people,23 of them women,to keep a diary of all their absent-mindedactions for a fortnight.When he came to analyse their embarrassing lapses(差錯(cuò))in a scientific report,hewas surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings,Nordid the lapses appear to be entirely random(隨機(jī)的).
One of the women,for instance,on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear."the explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer," explains the professor."People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly.It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings.But somehow the action got reversed in the programme," About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these "programme assembly failures,"
Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing---an average of twelve each,There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest(荒謬可笑的).These aretwo hours some time between eight a.m.and noon,between four and six p.m.with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m."Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain’ programmes’ occurs,as for instance between going to and from work." Women on average reported slightly more lapses----- 12.5 compared with 10.9 for men m probably because they were more reliable reporters.
A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled.Normally,you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make.But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse m even dangerous.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.In his study Professor Smith asked the subjects ________
A.to keep track of people who tend too forget things
B.to report their embarrassing lapses at random
C.to analyse their awkward experiences scientifically
D.to keep a record of what they did unintentionally
2.Professor Smith discovered that ________
A.certain patterns can be identified in the recorded incidents
B.many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindedness
C.men tend to be more absent-minded than women
D.absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness
3."Programme assembly failures"(Line 6,Para.2)refers to the phenomenon that people ______
A.often fail to programme their routines beforehand
B.tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurry
C.unconsciously change the sequence of doing things
D.are likely to mess things up if they are too tired
4.We learn from the third paragraph that _______
A.absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the day
B.women are very careful to perform actions during peak periods
C.women experience more peak periods of absent-mindedness
D.men’s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations
5.It can be concluded from the passage that _____
A.people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapses
B.hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good at
C.people should be careful when programming their actions
D.lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentration
參考答案
1.[D] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。本文第1句中的to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions就是指to keep a record of what they did unintentionally,題目中的subjects指實(shí)驗(yàn)對象，被測試者。
2.[A] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第2句中nearly all of them fell into a few groupings可以找到本題答案，題目中的discover是該句中find的同義詞,A的patterns與原文中的groupings意義相同。
3.[C] 語義題。根據(jù)第2段最后兩句提到,但是不知怎么的這種行為在程序中顛倒了。這些被測試者報(bào)告的事件中二十個(gè)中有一個(gè)屬于這種“流水線程序錯(cuò)誤”。C的unconsciously與somehow對應(yīng),change the sequence of doing things與the action got reversed對應(yīng)，故本題選C。
4.[A] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第3段的第2、3句“一天之中似乎存在一些人們易犯荒謬可笑錯(cuò)誤的高峰時(shí)段”,之后到舉了幾個(gè)高峰時(shí)間，可知A與之相符。
5.[D] 推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后兩句“一般來說，我們會以為技術(shù)嫻熟可以減少錯(cuò)誤。但是為了避免出現(xiàn)愚蠢的失誤而更加專注，只會把事情弄得更糟糕，甚至?xí)䦟?dǎo)致危險(xiǎn)�！笨芍狣“差錯(cuò)并不總是注意力不集中導(dǎo)致的” 正確。
英語四級試卷真題及答案10
China Goes Car Crazy
In late April,as authorities in Beijing mobilized tocontain the SARS virus,33 -yearold Li Yangclimbed into her red Suzuki Alto and headed west.Slipping out of the city hours ahead of a governmentquarantine 1,she" just kept going to see how far I could get."Six days and 1,600 miles later,she arrived in Lhasa,the Tibetan capital.Thrilled and exhausted,she posted a notice on theInternet,documenting her adventure with digital photos and appealing for a companion toshare the drive home.
For centuries such freedom of movement has been unimaginable in China .In feudal times,poverty,bad roads,and imperial edict confined subjects of the Middle Kingdom to thevillages where they were born.Now all that is changing.After nearly a quarter century ofeconomic liberalization,car ownership is suddenly within reach of millions of ordinary Chinese.As incomes rise,new car prices plummet2,and the government adds new roadways,Chinas 1.3 billion inhabitants are eager to trade their bicycles for a faster set of wheels.In 2002passenger car sales topped one million for the first time.In the first six months of first year(2003 ),Chinas new car sales surge 85% over the same period last year.
The profusion of cars has launched a new cultural revolution,transforming Chinese life andsociety in ways that bear surprising resemblance to what happened in American 50 years ago.The most obvious change is the traffic.Beijings broad boulevards are now choked with cars atrush hour.In Shanghai the bridges and tunnels crossing the Huangpu River are so congestedthat a cab ride from one side to the other can be an hour-long ordeal.To prevent gridlock,theShanghai city government auctions a limited number of new car license plates each month.Nevertheless,demand has soared,driving the minimum successful bid to more than 4,000 .Even with these restrictions,the number of gas-guzzling vehicles on Chinese roads ismultiplying so fast it poses a grave threat to the environment and could reshape the globaleconomics of oil.
Beijing now boasts the drive-in3 movie theaters.Prospering yuppie4 SUV5 owners bandtogether of off-road excursions to the Great Wall.Some have organized weekend drag races.The newsstands display a riot of motor magazines,where readers can ogle domestic andimport models.Private -car ownership has spawned a new class of commuters,162 too,whomotor to downtown office towers from spacious,modern homes in the suburbs.
" I enjoy the drive,"says the manager for a Dutch food additives company,of the 30-minut-tripto his office in central Shanghai.He lives with his wife and infant son in a gated communitywith a familiar name : Long Island.The grounds are immaculately landscaped,and the homescome in French,Italian,and English Tudor model."It would be probably be cheaper to ride ataxi every day,"he confides."But this way I have more freedom."
練習(xí)題：
�、�.Choose correct answers to the question:
1.Why did she post a notice on the Internet?
A.To document her adventure .B.To ask for help.
C.To appeal for a companion.D.To show off her bravery.
2.In feudal times,what confined people to the villages where they were born?
A.Poverty.B.The feudal government.
C.Their reluctance to leave home.D.Bad roads.
�、�.Match word with its Chinese equivalent:
1.quarantine A.雅皮士
2.plummet B.“免下車”電影
3.drive-in movie C.隔離區(qū)
4.yuppie D.下跌,快速落下
參考答案
�、�.1.A.C 2.A.B.D
Ⅱ.1 .C 2.D 3.B 4.A
參考譯文
中國為車狂
2003年5月末,北京官方動員抗擊非典時(shí),33歲的李揚(yáng)開動她的紅色鈴木奧托在北京被隔離前數(shù)小時(shí)開始西行。車子悄悄溜出城市,遠(yuǎn)離隔離區(qū),她“ 只是想試試逃離,看自己能走多遠(yuǎn)”。歷經(jīng)6天,她跑了1600英里后,到達(dá)了西藏的省會拉薩。極度興奮和疲勞之余,她在網(wǎng)上刊登數(shù)碼照片敘述了她異乎尋常的經(jīng)歷,尋求一起駕車回家的同伴。
在中國,幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,這樣的來去自由是無法想象的。在封建時(shí)代,窮困的生活、坎坷的道路、專橫的法令將中世紀(jì)王國的臣民禁錮在自己出生的小村莊。現(xiàn)在一切都在改變 。經(jīng)過二十多年的改革開放,私家車已進(jìn)入成千上萬的尋常百姓家。收入增加,新車價(jià)格暴跌,政府興建道路,使中國的13 億國民急切地把他們的自行車換成四輪汽車。2002年轎車的銷售量首次到了100萬輛。2003年的上半年,汽車銷量比去年同期上升了85% 。
汽車的普及引發(fā)了一場新的文化大革新,這種生活方式和社會的變化和50年前的美國有驚人的相似之處。最明顯的變化就體現(xiàn)在交通狀況上。北京的林蔭大道上,上下班高峰時(shí)間里車滿為患。在上海,交通嚴(yán)重堵塞時(shí),通過黃浦江的大橋和隧道要花上幾小時(shí)。為了防止交通堵塞,上海政府每個(gè)月限量拍賣車牌號。然而,購車欲望遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)得不到滿足,車牌號最低標(biāo)價(jià)漲到了4000美元。即便如此,公路上耗油的汽車仍然在成倍增長,它們威脅到了環(huán)境,甚至?xí)厮苋虻氖徒?jīng)濟(jì)。
現(xiàn)在北京正興起“ 免下車”電影院。富有的雅皮士們組隊(duì)駕駛越野車到長城做短途旅行。有些人則每個(gè)周末組織汽車賽。報(bào)刊亭里各色的汽車雜志上面刊登著各色國產(chǎn)或進(jìn)口樣車的圖片,讀者可以一飽眼福。有車族形成了新型的通勤階層。他們開車從郊區(qū)寬敞、現(xiàn)代的家到市中心的辦公室。丹麥某食品添加劑公司的經(jīng)理說:“ 我喜歡駕30分鐘的車到上海市中心辦公�！彼退钠拮右约榜唏僦械膬鹤幼≡谝粋�(gè)被冠名為“ 長島”的封閉式社區(qū)里。周邊的景色美化得無可挑剔,房屋有法式的、意大利式的和英國都鐸式的�！� 可能每天打的士更便宜,”他坦言:“ 但是這樣我更自由�！�
閱讀解析
1.quarantine v.(為防止傳染病的流行而)將(人、畜、船等)隔離,如: He was quarantined for three weekswhen he had scarlet fever.(他患猩紅熱時(shí)被隔離了三個(gè)星期。)作名詞的意思為“ 隔離期或隔離區(qū)”,如: Thequarantine for a dog entering Britain from abroad issix months.(從國外進(jìn)入英國的狗檢疫隔離期為6 個(gè)月。)文章中用作名詞。
2.plummet v.① 快速落下,陡直掉下,如: The explosion sent the aircraft plummeting towardsthe sea.(爆炸后飛機(jī)一頭栽向大海)。②(價(jià)格、水平等)驟然下跌,陡然變差,如:Market pricesplummeted.(行市驟跌。)Most of the industrial world plummeted into a deep recession.(大多數(shù)工業(yè)國一下子跌入了嚴(yán)重的衰退)
3.drive-in n.&adj.(顧客無須下車即可得到的服務(wù)的)“免下車”餐館(或劇院、銀行和郵局等),如: afast food drive-in(免下車路邊快餐店); a drive-in movie(坐在車上觀看的“ 免下車”電影); theconvenient drive-in window at the bank(銀行“免下車”服務(wù)窗口)。
4.yuppie n.(美國)少壯職業(yè)人士,雅皮士。來源于young urban professionals 的首字母縮寫+(hip)pie。從這個(gè)來源我們可以知道,雅皮士往往和hippie 即嬉皮士相對。嬉皮士是20 世紀(jì)60 年代出現(xiàn)于美國的頹廢派一員,對現(xiàn)實(shí)社會抱不滿情緒,常服用引起幻覺的麻醉劑,信奉非暴力和神秘主義,實(shí)行群居,蓄長發(fā),穿奇裝異服。
英語四級試卷真題及答案11
Baekeland and Hartmann report that the “short sleepers” had been more or less average in their sleep needs until the men were in their teens.But at about age 15 or so,the men voluntarily began cutting down their nightly sleep time because of pressures from school,work,and other activities.These men tended to view their nightly periods of unconsciousness as bothersome interruptions in their daily routines.In general,these “short sleeps” appeared ambitious,active,energetic,cheerful,conformist(不動搖)in their opinions,and very sure about their career choices.They often held several jobs at once,or workers full-or part-time while going to school.And many of them had a strong urge to appear “normal” or “acceptable” to their friends and associates.When asked to recall their dreams,the “short sleepers” did poorly.More than this,they seemed to prefer not remembering.In similar fashion,their usual way of dealing with psychological problems was to deny that the problem existed,and then to keep busy in the hope that the trouble would go away.The sleep patterns of the “short sleepers” were similar to,but less extreme than,sleep patterns shown by many mental patients categorized as manic(瘋?cè)?.The “l(fā)ong sleepers” were quite different indeed.Baekeland and Hartmann report that these young men had been lengthy sleeps since childhood.They seemed to enjoy their sleep,protected it,and were quite concerned when they were occasionally deprived of their desired 9 hours of nightly bed rest.They tended to recall their dreams much better than did the “short sleepers.” Many of the “l(fā)ong sleepers” were shy,anxious,introverted(內(nèi)向),inhibited(壓抑),passive,mildly depressed,and unsure of themselves(particularly in social situations).Several openly states that sleep was an escape from their daily problems.
1.According to the report,______.A)many short sleepers need less sleep by nature B)many short sleepers are obliged to reduce their nightly sleep time because they are busy with their work C)long sleepers sleep a longer period of time during the day D)many long sleepers preserve their sleeping habit formed during their childhood 2.Many “short sleepers” are likely to hold the view that _____.A)sleep is a withdrawal from the reality B)sleep interferes with their sound judgement C)sleep is the least expensive item on their routine program D)sleep is the best way to deal with psychological troubles 3.It is stated in the third paragraph that short sleepers _____.A)are ideally vigorous even under the pressures of life B)often neglect the consequences of inadequate sleep C)do not know how to relax properly D)are more unlikely to run into mental problems 4.When sometimes they cannot enjoy adequate sleep,the long sleepers might ____.A)appear disturbed B)become energetic C)feel dissatisfied D)be extremely depressed 5.Which of the following is Not included in the passage? A)If one sleeps inadequately,his performance suffers and his memory is weakened B)The sleep patterns of short sleepers are exactly the sane as those shown by many mental patients C)Long and short sleepers differ in their attitudes towards sleep D)Short sleepers would be better off with more rest
【答案及詳解】 答案：DCBAB 貝克爾和哈特曼報(bào)道說，“睡眠少的人”在未進(jìn)入少年期之前，其正常睡眠時(shí)間大致與所需要的時(shí)間差不多。但到了15歲左右，由于學(xué)校、工作或其它活動的地壓力，他們就故意地減少了夜間睡眠的時(shí)間。這些人持有這樣的觀點(diǎn)：夜間睡眠是一件令人討厭的事情，打斷了日常事務(wù)。 總的說來，這些“睡眠少的人”表現(xiàn)得雄心勃勃、積極活躍、精力充沛、無意識樂觀豁達(dá)、立場堅(jiān)定，對自己職業(yè)的選擇胸有成竹。他們往往同時(shí)從事幾項(xiàng)工作，或者一邊上學(xué)讀書，一邊從事專職或兼職工作。其中許多人有強(qiáng)烈愿望，想在朋友和熟人面前表現(xiàn)得“正常”或“合群”。 當(dāng)讓他們回憶夢境時(shí)，“睡眠少的人”回憶不起什么來。更有甚者，他們似乎情愿什么都記不住。類似的情況是他們通常處理心理問題的方式：不承認(rèn)問題的存在，希望只要忙忙碌碌，麻煩總會過去的。 “睡眠少的人”的睡眠模式與被劃入瘋子之類精神病患者的睡眠模式十分相似，只不過沒有那么嚴(yán)重而已。 “睡眠多的人”情形則大不相同。貝克爾和哈特曼報(bào)道說，這些年輕人從小的，有抱負(fù)的睡眠就一直很長。他們好像注重睡眠，不讓睡眠受打攪。偶爾沒有所需的9個(gè)小時(shí)夜間臥床休息，他們便會十分不安。他們比“睡眠少的人”要更能回憶得起夢的內(nèi)容。許多“睡眠多的人”靦腆、焦躁、內(nèi)向、壓抑、消極和稍微有點(diǎn)兒沮喪，尤其在社交場合缺乏自信。好幾個(gè)人坦言，睡眠是擺脫每天煩惱的一種方式。
英語四級試卷真題及答案12
As is known to all,the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex.Generally speaking,the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay,while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.
If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure,it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees.In order to be __4__,that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers.In job evaluation,all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description.Each of thsoe requirements is given a value,usually in points,which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job.For middle and higher management,a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job,their responsibility,and their __6__ to solve problems.Because of the difficulty in measuring management work,however,job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.
In attempting to design a pay system,the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market.__9__,payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed.Where it is simple to measure the work done,as in the works done with hands,monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen,for __10__ workers,where measurement is difficult,methods of additional payments are employed.
[A]compare
[B]responsible
[C]useful
[D]added
[E]find
[F]reference
[G]indirect
[H]method
[I]successful
[J]combined
[K]Necessarily
[L]capacity
[M]ability
[N]Basically
[O]adopt
【答案】
1.選B)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。原文意思為“會計(jì)部門...計(jì)算報(bào)酬”，選項(xiàng)中的形容詞responsible“負(fù)責(zé)任的”，useful“有用的”，indirect“間接的”，successful“成功的”，其中indirect不能與for連用，排除;剩余幾項(xiàng)中只有B)responsible意義符合原句，其他均不符合，故排除。
2.選O)。此處應(yīng)填動詞原形。本文主題就是采用一種新的工資和薪水制度時(shí)需要注意的問題，選項(xiàng)中的動詞原形有compare“比較”，find“找到”，adopt“采納”，分別帶入原文，只有adopt最符合原文意思，故選O).
3.選H)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。從原文看，and連接并列結(jié)構(gòu)，所以要填的詞應(yīng)與and后面的ways意思一致，選項(xiàng)中的名詞只有mathod = ways，故選H)method。
4.選I)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。上文說新的工資制度需要一套決定工作評估和衡量雇員表現(xiàn)的方法，說的是制度“是否有用”的問題。這句說的時(shí)新的工資制度執(zhí)行過程中的問題，勞資雙方先期達(dá)成一致是薪酬制度成功的必要條件。形容詞useful和successful，I)seccessful更符合原文意思。
5.選D)。此處應(yīng)填動詞。這個(gè)動詞的賓語是point“分值”，把分值...起來to give a total value得出總分值，選項(xiàng)中有added和combined，前者指“把...相加”，后者意為“把...結(jié)合在一起”，原文指將分值相加得出總分，故D)added最符合文意。
6.選M)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。首先solve problem“解決問題”是經(jīng)理們應(yīng)具備的能力，選項(xiàng)中的capacity與ability都可以表示“能力”;前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是理解的能力和接受事物的能力，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際應(yīng)用的能力，故不難判斷解決問題的能力應(yīng)該用M)ability。
7.選F)。此處應(yīng)填名詞。前半句指出“因?yàn)楣芾砉ぷ骱茈y評估，經(jīng)理的工作得分不需要參照基于分值的評估系統(tǒng)決定�！眞ithout reference to為固定搭配，意思是“與...無關(guān)”。故選F)reference。
8.選A)。此處應(yīng)填動詞原形。原句中出現(xiàn)了the value of each job“每種工作的價(jià)值”和these in the job market“工作市場上的(工作價(jià)值)”，說明人事部門通過比較兩種價(jià)值來計(jì)算工資制度。選項(xiàng)中只有compare表示“比較”，所以A)正確。
9.選K)。此處應(yīng)填副詞，修飾整句話�！皥�(bào)酬要隨工作表現(xiàn)各方面的不同而有所改變”，選項(xiàng)中Necessarily“必須地”與Basically“基本地”為副詞，分別帶入原文，“報(bào)酬...的變化是必須的”更符合上下文意思，故排除N),選K)。
10.選G)。此處應(yīng)填形容詞。前文中提到一種情況即simple to measure the work done易于評估的工作，通常用現(xiàn)金獎勵(lì)辦法;而...measurement is difficult“難于評估的”，說明這些工作人員的工作不像手工工作那么直接，因而是間接的，故選項(xiàng)中只有G)indirect符合原句的意思。
英語四級試卷真題及答案13
The stone age,The Iron Age.Entire epochs have been named for materials.So what to call the decades ahead? The choice will be tough.Welcome to the age of superstuff.Material science -- once the least sexy technology – is bursting with new,practical discoveries led by superconducting ceramicsthat may revolutionize electronics.But superconductors are just part of the picture: from house and cars to cook pots and artificial teeth,the world will someday be made of different stuff.Exotic plastics,glass and ceramics willshape the future just as surely as have genetic engineering and computer science.
The key to the new materials is researchers’ increasing ability to manipulate substances at the molecular level.Ceramics,for example,have long been limited by their brittleness.But by minimizing the microscopic imperfections that cause it,scientists are making far stronger ceramics that still retain such qualities as hardness and heat resistance.Ford Motor Co.now uses ceramic tools to cut steel.A firm called Kyocera has created a line of ceramic scissors and knives that stay sharp for years and never rust or corrode.
A similar transformation has overtaken plastics.High-strength polymers now form bridges,ice-skating rinks and helicopter rotors.And one new plastic that generates electricity when vibrated or pushed is used in electric guitars,touch sensors for robot hands and karate jacketsthat automatically record each punch and chop.Even plastic litter,which once threatened to permanently blot the landscape,has proved amenable to molecular tinkering.Several manufacturers now make biodegradable forms; some plastic six-pack rings for example,gradually decompose when exposed to sunlight.Researchers are developing ways to make plastics as recyclable as metal or glass.Besides,composites – plastic reinforced with fibers of graphite or other compounds – made the round-the-world flight of the voyager possible and have even been proved in combat: a helmet saved an infantryman’s life by deflecting two bullets in the Grenada invasion.
Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist.The newest fiberoptic cable that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of 100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.
But new materials have no impact until they are made into products.And that transition could prove difficult,for switching requires lengthy research and investment.It can be said a firmer handle on how to move to commercialization will determine the success or failure of a country in the near future.
1.How many new materials are mentioned in this passage?
[A] Two
[B] Three
[C] Four
[D] Five
2.Why does the author mention genetic engineering and computer science?
[A] To compare them with the new materials.
[B] To show the significance of the new materials on the future world.
[C] To compare the new materials to them.
[D] To explain his view point.
3.Why is transition difficult?
[A] Because transition requires money and time.
[B] Because many manufacturers are unwilling to change their equipment.
[C] Because research on new materials is very difficult.
[D]Because it takes 10 years.
4.Where lies success of a country in the New Age of superstuff?
[A] It lies in research.
[B] It lies in investment.
[C] It lies in innovation.
[D] It lies in application.
Vocabulary
1.superstuff 超級材料
2.superconducting ceramic 超導(dǎo)陶瓷
3.exotic 神奇的
4.shape 塑造，成型
5.brittleness 脆性
6.polymer 聚合體
7.karate jacket 空手道外衣
8.touch sensor 觸及傳感器
9.each punch and chop 每一個(gè)擊、打
10.blot 玷污，損害風(fēng)景的東西
11.tinker 修補(bǔ)，調(diào)整
12.amendable 服從于，遵循的
13.biodegradable 能生物遞減分解的
14.six-pack rings 放六個(gè)罐子的環(huán)狀物
15.decompose 分解
16.recyclable 可循環(huán)(使用的)
17.infantryman 步兵
18.deflect 使偏斜，使轉(zhuǎn)向
19.a new twist 一個(gè)新的觀點(diǎn)，方法
難句譯注
1.Material science – once the least sexy technology – is bursting with new,practicaldiscoveries led by superconducting ceramics that may revolutionize electronics.
【參考譯文】材料科學(xué)，一度曾是最無吸引力(最不起眼)的技術(shù)，正以嶄新的 ，以超導(dǎo)陶瓷為首的種種實(shí)用性發(fā)明綻開新顏。這種超導(dǎo)陶瓷可能會使電子技術(shù)徹底改變。
2.Some advanced materials are old standard with a new twist.The newest fiberopticcables that carry telephone calls cross-country are made of glass so transparent that a piece of100 miles thick is clearer than a standard window pane.
【參考譯文】有些高級材料是帶有新方法的老標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最新全國電話的光纖電纜由玻璃制成。這種玻璃透明度極高，一片100英里厚的玻璃比一塊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的窗框玻璃還要清晰透明。
寫作方法與文章大意
這是一篇介紹“超導(dǎo)材料”的論說文,采用一般到具體的分類寫作手法。先指出未來時(shí)代的材料屬于超導(dǎo)，然后再提出三種超導(dǎo)材料，再逐一說明。
答案詳解
1.B 三種超導(dǎo)材料。答案再第一段最后一句“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷”。下面各段具體講這三種材料。第二段講陶瓷：“新材料之關(guān)鍵在于研究工作者不斷提高在分子水平上處理物質(zhì)的能力。舉陶瓷為例，由于它的脆性，長期來應(yīng)用范圍有限。但是通過改善導(dǎo)致脆性的微小缺陷，科學(xué)家制造出一種保持原有硬度和抗熱性，但堅(jiān)實(shí)得多的陶瓷”。第三段講塑料。“類似的轉(zhuǎn)折發(fā)生在塑料上，高強(qiáng)度的塑料建成了橋梁、溜冰場、直升機(jī)的葉輪。一種震動或推動就能發(fā)電的新型塑料用于電子吉他上，觸及傳感塑料用于機(jī)械手和空手道外衣上，它能自動記錄每次擊打�！焙竺嬲劶八芰侠梢蕴幚恚蛘咧圃炜煞纸膺�原的塑料制品。塑料內(nèi)加入其他化合物加強(qiáng)性能。第四段講有些高級材料由新的改變，最新的光纖電纜由玻璃制成，透明度極高，100英里厚的一塊其清晰度比一塊普通窗玻璃還高。
2.B 說明這種新材料對未來世界的意義。答案在第一段：“神奇的塑料、玻璃和陶瓷一定會象生物工程和計(jì)算機(jī)一樣將改變世界�！盇.把它們和新材料相比較，這里不僅僅是比較，而是說明三者都具同樣的作用--改變世界。 C.把新材料比作它們。也不僅僅是比喻比擬。 與A一樣沒有說到核心電。D.說明他的觀點(diǎn)。太籠統(tǒng)。
3.A 轉(zhuǎn)折需要錢和時(shí)間。見最后一段“可是新材料只有制成產(chǎn)品才有影響，而這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折可能很困難，因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)折需要長期的研究和投資。可以這么說，在不久的將來，更牢牢地掌握如何把材料轉(zhuǎn)變成商品將決定一個(gè)國家之成敗�！盉.因?yàn)樵S多制造商不愿改變他們的設(shè)備。C.因?yàn)樾虏牧系难芯糠浅＠щy。 D.轉(zhuǎn)折要華上十年時(shí)間。這三項(xiàng)文內(nèi)沒有涉及。
4.D 在超級材料時(shí)代已過之成功在于應(yīng)用。A.在于研究。B.在于投資。C.在于革新。這三項(xiàng)都是應(yīng)用的部分前提。其中A和B文內(nèi)提到，C項(xiàng)文內(nèi)未涉及。
英語四級試卷真題及答案14
Forecasting of Statistics
Nearly two thousand years have passed since a census decreed by Caesar Augustus become part of the greatest story ever told.Many things have changed in the intervening years.The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding,and if they had to meet an unexpected influx,few inns would have a manager to accommodate the weary guests.Now it is the census taker that does the traveling in the fond hope that a highly mobile population will stay long enough to get a good sampling.Methods of gathering,recording,and evaluating information have presumably been improved a great deal.And where then it was the modest purpose of Rome to obtain a simple head count as an adequate basis for levying taxes,now batteries of complicated statistical series furnished by governmental agencies and private organizations are eagerly scanned and interpreted by sages and seers to get a clue to future events.The Bible does not tell us how the Roman census takers made out,and as regards our more immediate concern,the reliability of present day economic forecasting,there are considerable differences of opinion.They were aired at the celebration of the 125th anniversary of the American Statistical Association.There was the thought that business forecasting might well be on its way from an art to a science,and some speakers talked about newfangled computers and high-falutin mathematical system in terms of excitement and endearment which we,at least in our younger years when these things mattered,would have associated more readily with the description of a fair maiden.But others pointed to the deplorable record of highly esteemed forecasts and forecasters with a batting average below that of the Mets,and the President-elect of the Association cautioned that “high powered statistical methods are usually in order where the facts are crude and inadequate,the exact contrary of what crude and inadequate statisticians assume.” We left his birthday party somewhere between hope and despair and with the conviction,not really newly acquired,that proper statistical methods applied to ascertainable facts have their merits in economic forecasting as long as neither forecaster nor public is deluded into mistaking the delineation of probabilities and trends for a prediction of certainties of mathematical exactitude.
1.Taxation in Roman days apparently was based on
[A].wealth.[B].mobility.[C].population.[D].census takers.
2.The American Statistical Association
[A].is converting statistical study from an art to a science.
[B].has an excellent record in business forecasting.
[C].is neither hopeful nor pessimistic.
[D].speaks with mathematical exactitude.
3.The message the author wishes the reader to get is
[A].statisticians have not advanced since the days of the Roman.
[B].statistics is not as yet a science.
[C].statisticians love their machine.
[D].computer is hopeful.
4.The “greatest story ever told” referred to in the passage is the story of
[A].Christmas.[B].The Mets.
[C].Moses.[D].Roman Census Takers.
詞匯解析
1.census人口調(diào)查
2.decreed分布法令
3.influx匯集，流入(人口或物)
4.census taker人口調(diào)查員
5.in the intervening years在這期間
6.sampling取樣(調(diào)查)
7.presumable可能的，可推測的
8.batteries一連串，一系列
9.sage圣人;聰明的(人—)
10.seer先知
11.newfangled新型的(貶義)
12.high-falutin夸大的，夸張的
13.deplorable悲慘的，雜亂的
14.batting average平均成功率(原指擊球平均得分?jǐn)?shù))
15.ascertainable可以確定的/確切的
16.delineation描述
17.exactitude精確
1.The hotel industry worries more about overbuilding than overcrowding,and if they had to meet an unexpected influx,few inns would have a manager to accommodate the weary guests.
[結(jié)構(gòu)簡析]復(fù)合句。And后為虛擬條件句。
[參考譯文]旅館業(yè)就憂慮旅館建的太多，不愁人太多。但是如果他們不得不碰到意想不到大批旅客，沒有什么旅館會有一位經(jīng)理去安排疲憊不堪的客人的食宿。
答案詳解
1.C.人口。答案在第六句，“那時(shí)羅馬計(jì)算人頭作為征稅的適當(dāng)基礎(chǔ)，目的很簡單。”
A.財(cái)富。 B.流動性。 C.人口調(diào)查員。
2.A.正把統(tǒng)計(jì)研究從文科轉(zhuǎn)變成理科。這是從第六句開始講的一種觀點(diǎn)�！艾F(xiàn)在，政府機(jī)構(gòu)和私人組織的一系列復(fù)雜的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，由智者和先知人物殷切地瀏覽和解釋以取得預(yù)先外未來事件的線索。圣經(jīng)并沒有告訴我們羅馬的人口調(diào)查員是怎么調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)的。至于我們當(dāng)前更加關(guān)心的問題：目前經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測的可靠性，意見分歧很大。美國統(tǒng)計(jì)協(xié)會125周年慶�；顒由�，人們在大肆宣揚(yáng)這些不同觀點(diǎn)。有一種說法是經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測可能正從文科轉(zhuǎn)向科學(xué)(理科)發(fā)展。有些人興高采烈大談新型計(jì)算機(jī)和非常高級數(shù)學(xué)系統(tǒng)�！弊髡唠m然沒有明說，明眼人一看便知，藝術(shù)向科學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)變正是美國統(tǒng)計(jì)協(xié)會在把統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)從文科轉(zhuǎn)向理科。所以A.對。
B.在商業(yè)預(yù)測方面具有杰出的記錄。不對。實(shí)際上“平均成功率還低于the Mets”
C.既沒有希望也不樂觀。文內(nèi)沒有提及。只提作者他們半喜半憂離開協(xié)會。
D.以數(shù)學(xué)的精確性來說話。見下道題解釋。協(xié)會部分人卻有此看法“數(shù)學(xué)精確性。”
3.B.統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)(到現(xiàn)在為止)還不是一門科學(xué)(理科)。文章最后幾句話�！斑B統(tǒng)計(jì)協(xié)會的主席也告戒說高能統(tǒng)計(jì)法在實(shí)際材料原始和不允許的地方一般發(fā)揮正常。這跟低級的，不合適的統(tǒng)計(jì)員所假定的正好相反。我們懷著憂“�！睋桨氲男那殡x開周年慶祝宴會，懷著確實(shí)不是新近才有的信念，相信應(yīng)用于確切材料上恰當(dāng)?shù)慕y(tǒng)計(jì)法在經(jīng)濟(jì)預(yù)測中有它的貢獻(xiàn)，只要預(yù)測人員和公眾不受蒙蔽，誤呆板所述概率和趨勢當(dāng)作數(shù)學(xué)精確無比的預(yù)測就行�！�
A.統(tǒng)計(jì)員從羅馬時(shí)代起就沒向前進(jìn)步過。 C.統(tǒng)計(jì)員愛計(jì)算機(jī)。這兩項(xiàng)文內(nèi)沒有提到。 D.計(jì)算機(jī)前程遠(yuǎn)大。文內(nèi)只講了有些人懷著興高采烈的心情大講新型計(jì)算機(jī)和非常高級數(shù)學(xué)“系統(tǒng)”，暗示了計(jì)算機(jī)大有希望。但不是所有人都這樣認(rèn)為的。最重要的計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用并不能改變這個(gè)事實(shí)：統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)不是立刻，而是文科。所以B.對。
4.A.基督，圣誕節(jié)，指基督的誕生。圣經(jīng)中的一個(gè)故事。
B.the Mets.圣經(jīng)中率領(lǐng)希伯萊人出埃及的領(lǐng)袖，也作放債的猶太人講。 C.摩西。 D.羅馬人口調(diào)查員。
英語四級試卷真題及答案15
Foxes and farmers have never got on well.These small dog-like animals have long been accused of killing farm animals.They are officially classified as harmful and farmers try to keep their numbers down by shooting or poisoning them.
Farmers can also call on the services of their local hunt to control the fox population.Hunting consists of pursuing a fox across the countryside,with a group of specially trained dogs,followed by men and women riding horses.When the dogs eventually catch the fox they kill it or a hunter shoots it.
People who take part in hunting think of as a sport; they wear a special uniform of red coats and white trousers,and follow strict codes of behavior.But owning a horse and hunting regularly is expensive,so most hunters are wealthy.
It is estimated that up to 100,000 people watch or take part in fox hunting.But over the last couple of decades the number of people opposed to fox hunting,because they think it is brutal(殘酷的),has risen sharply.Nowadays it is rare for a hunt to pass off without some kind of confrontation(沖突)between hunters and hunt saboteurs(阻攔者).Sometimes these incidents lead to violence,but mostly saboteurs interfere with the hunt by misleading riders and disturbing the trail of the fox’s smell,which the dogs follow.
Noisy confrontations between hunters and saboteurs have become so common that they are almost as much a part of hunting as the pursuit of foxes itself.But this year supporters of fox hunting face a much bigger threat to their sport.A Labour Party Member of the Parliament,Mike Foster,is trying to get Parliament toapprove a new law which will make the hunting of wild animals with dogs illegal.If the law is passed,wild animals like foxes will be protected under the ban in Britain.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.Rich people in Britain have been hunting foxes ________.
A.for recreation
B.in the interests of the farmers
C.to limit the fox population
D.to show off their wealth
2.What is special about fox hunting in Britain?
A.It involves the use of a deadly poison.
B.It is a costly event which rarely occurs.
C.The hunters have set rules to follow.
D.The hunters have to go through strict training.
3.Fox hunting opponents often interfere in the game ________.
A.by resorting to violence
B.by confusing the fox hunters
C.by taking legal action
D.by demonstrating on the scene
4.A new law may be passed by the British Parliament to ________.
A.prohibit farmers from hunting foxes
B.forbid hunting foxes with dogs
C.stop hunting wild animals in the countryside
D.prevent large-scale fox hunting
5.It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
A.killing foxes with poison is illegal
B.limiting the fox population is unnecessary
C.hunting foxes with dogs is considered cruel and violent
D.fox-hunting often leads to confrontation between the poor and the rich
參考答案
1.[A] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第3段第1句的前半部分People who take part in hunting think of it as a sport可知，參加捕殺的人們把獵殺狐貍當(dāng)成是一種運(yùn)動，A與之相符。
2.[C] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第3段首句末尾說，凡是參加的人都要遵循嚴(yán)格的行為準(zhǔn)則，C “獵手已建立起需要遵循的規(guī)則”與之相符，故選C。
3.[B] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。第4段末句提到，在大部分情況下，阻攔者利用為騎馬的人引錯(cuò)路和進(jìn)行氣味干擾來干涉捕獵，B與之相符，故選B。
4.[B] 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章倒數(shù)第2句提及，督促議會通過一項(xiàng)新法案,將帶狗獵殺野生動物列為非法。而狐貍是野生動物的一種，故選B。
5.[C] 推斷題。.根據(jù)第4段第2句后半部分可知，反對捕獵狐貍的人數(shù)在上升是因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為捕獵狐貍是殘酷的，故選C。
英語四級試卷真題及答案16
Not surprising in these hard times,the student’s major objective “is to be financially well off.Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.
Interest in teaching,social service and the“altruistic”fields is at a low.On the other hand,enrollment in business programs,engineering and computer science is way up.
That’s no surprise either.A friend of mine(a sales representative for a chemical company)was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the job-even before she completed her two-yearassociate degree.
While it’s true that we all need a career,it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributions m be they scientific or artistic.It is equally true that,in studying thediverse wisdom of others,we learn how to think.More important,perhaps,education teaches us to see the connections between things,as well as to see beyond our immediate needs.
Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages,only to drive their employer out of business.No company; no job.How shortsighted in the long run!
But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages,we improve our moral sense.I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom(對講機(jī)): “Miss Baxter,”he says,“could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?”
From the long-term point of view,that’s what education really ought to be about.
練習(xí)題：
Choose correct answers to the question:
1.According to the author’s observation,college students _______.
A.have never been so materialistic as today
B.have never been so interested in the arts
C.have never been so financially well off as today
D.have never attached so much importance to moral sense
2.The students’ criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with _______.
A.the influences of their instructors
B.the financial goals they seek in life
C.their own interpretations of the courses
D.their understanding of the contributions of others
3.By saying “While it’s true that ...be they scientific or artistic”(Lines 1-3,Para.5),the author means that _______.
A.business management should be included in educational programs
B.human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speed
C.human intellectual development has reached new heights
D.the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked
4.Studying the diverse wisdom of others can ________.
A.create varying artistic interests
B.help people see things in their right perspective
C.help improve connections among people
D.regulate the behavior of modern people
5.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A.Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded.
B.Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong.
C.People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life.
D.Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.
答案
1.[A]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第1段可知，根據(jù)調(diào)査，當(dāng)今處于傳統(tǒng)年齡的大學(xué)一年級的學(xué)生在17年來的民意測驗(yàn)中是“最追求物質(zhì)享受、最自私的”，這與A所述相一致。
2.[B]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第2段第1句指出現(xiàn)在大學(xué)生選擇專業(yè)的目的是為了經(jīng)濟(jì)上的富裕，B中的financial goals對應(yīng)文中的financial well off，故正確。
3.[D]句意理解題。本句首選強(qiáng)調(diào)Career職業(yè)的重要性，之后強(qiáng)啁我們也必須理解其他領(lǐng)域的知識，所以這句目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)全面教育的重要性，故D正確。
4.[B]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第5段第2句：同樣毋庸置疑的還有，學(xué)習(xí)他人的各種智慧時(shí)，我們也學(xué)會怎樣去思考。句中how to think與B中的see things in…right perspective意思最為相反，故B正確。
5.[D]事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章的第5至6段可知，作者認(rèn)為罷工要求加薪等一些追求眼前利益的行為是目光短淺的，故D正確。
【英語四級試卷真題及答案】相關(guān)文章：
英語四級真題試卷歷年真題及答案10-12
2017年英語四級聽力真題試卷及答案09-27
6月大學(xué)英語四級真題試卷及答案09-03
英語四級考試真題及答案08-10
英語四級寫作真題及答案09-30
英語四級聽力真題及答案09-05
英語四級聽力真題答案10-13
2024年英語四級真題試卷09-25