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初中英語語法:名詞解析
語法是語言學(xué)的一個(gè)分支,研究按確定用法來運(yùn)用的"詞類"、"詞"的曲折變化或表示相互關(guān)系的其他手段以及詞在句中的功能和關(guān)系。以下是小編為大家收集的初中英語語法:名詞解析,僅供參考,歡迎大家閱讀。
名詞解析:
名詞復(fù)數(shù)的特殊變化:普通名詞的復(fù)數(shù)我們知道是直接加-s或 -es,可是偏偏有一些名詞不聽話,變化不規(guī)則。這些小調(diào)皮是:
a.class,box,watch,brush等詞以 s,x,ch,sh,結(jié)尾,復(fù)數(shù)要加-es;
b.story,factory 等以"輔音字母+y"結(jié)尾的詞復(fù)數(shù)要先將-y 變成-i再加-es;
c.knife,wife,life等以-f 或-fe結(jié)尾的詞一般先將-f或-fe變?yōu)?v,再加-es;
d.以-o結(jié)尾的名詞,一般來說,末尾是"元音字母+o" 的詞加-s,我們學(xué)過的有radio,zoo。末尾是"輔音字母+o"的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)加-es。如:tomato,hero,potato,當(dāng)然其中的piano 和photo,又是一個(gè)例外,他們的結(jié)尾只能加-s。
e.child(children),foot(feet),tooth(teeth),mouse(mice),man(men ),woman(women )等詞的復(fù)數(shù)變化全不遵循規(guī)則。
注意:與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成詞,故復(fù)數(shù)形式為 Germans;
f.deer,sheep等詞更是懶得可以,竟然單復(fù)數(shù)同形。好記好記。 people,police,cattle 等詞,以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn),但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù),所以它們的謂語當(dāng)然也是復(fù)數(shù)形式,這就是集體名詞。the English,the French,the Chinese等名詞表示國民總稱時(shí),也作復(fù)數(shù)用。
注意:maths,politics,physics等學(xué)科名詞,雖然以-s結(jié)尾,仍為不可數(shù)名詞。還有theUnited States(美國),the United Nations(聯(lián)合國)等應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。
別奇怪,名詞有時(shí)也可以作定語的。它作定語時(shí)一般用單數(shù),但也有以下例外。
a.man,woman等作定語時(shí),它的單復(fù)數(shù)以其所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。如:men workers, women teachers。
b.數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí),這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式,中間加連字符。如:a ten-mile walk十里路,two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹。
哇!這些問題好復(fù)雜,我好想輕松一下。那我們就輕輕松松地面對(duì)名詞所有格問題。
這里面內(nèi)容可謂少之又少,可也不能小視呦。
名詞所有格:
表示“……的”通常是在名詞的后面加-s,如:Childrens day,fathers shoes。但以-s結(jié)尾的名詞因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)有s了,只需加 就OK了。如果兩個(gè)名詞并列,并且分別有s,.則表示“分別有”。.如:Johns and Marys room(約翰和瑪麗各有一間,共兩間);兩個(gè)名詞并列,只有一個(gè)s,則表示"共有"。如:John and Marys room(約翰和瑪麗共有一間)。
還有些無生命名詞的所屬要用介詞of來幫助一下,如:a map of China,the end of this term。
好,名詞部分我們已經(jīng)學(xué)完,Its a piece of cake? 接下來到了我們趁熱打鐵的時(shí)間了,
Are you ready?
練習(xí):
1.All the _____teachers and______students are having a meeting there.
A.women …girls
B.women… girl
C.woman…girls
D.woman…girl
2.Mr Black is a friend of _________.
A.Jacks aunts
B.Jacks aunt
C.Jack aunts
D.aunts of Jack
3.This toy was made by a ____ boy.
A.ten-year-old
B.ten-years-old
C.ten-year-older
D.ten-years-older
4.The farmer raised ten _________.
A.sheeps
B.deers
C.horse
D.cows
5.She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as_________.
A.her grandmother
B.her grandmothers
C.her grandmothers
D.that of her grandmother
6.We have moved into a ________.
A.two- storey house
B.house of two storey
C.two-storeys house
D.two storeys house
7.The ______ was too much for the child to carry.
A.boxs steel
B.box of a steel
C.steel box
D.box of the steel
8.Well give our English teacher a card for _________.
A.the Teachers Day
B.Teachers Day
C.a Teachers Day
D.Teachers Day
9.Li Ping met an old friend of _______on a train yesterday.
A.he
B.him
C.his
D.her
10._________are big and bright.
A.The classroom window
B.The window of the classroom
C.The windows of the classroom
實(shí)戰(zhàn):
1.Dont worry.Your son will come back in ______hour.
A.a
B.an
C.the
D./
2.This nice blouse isnt mine.Its ______.
A.you
B.your
C.Lucy
D.yours
3.Whats " potato" in Chinese? -Its _____ .
A.香蕉
B.大白菜
C.西紅柿
D.土豆
4.The ninth month of a year is _______.
A.December
B.November
C.September
D.October
D.The classrooms windows
5.A: Must I leave now?
B: No,you _______.
A.neednt
B.mustnt
C.dont
D.wont
6.We have a history lesson ______Wednesday afternoon.
A.on
B.of
C.at
D.to
7.Suan has made quite ______friends since she came to China.
A.few
B.a few
C.little
D.a little
8.A: Have you ever ______to the West Lake?
B: Yes,I ______there last winter.
A.gone,went
B.been,went
C.gone ,have been
D.been,have
9.Do you ________English?
A.tell
B.say
C.talk
D.speak
10.A: May I _______your ruler?
B: OK,Im glad to _______it to you.
A.lend,borrow
B.lend,lend
C.borrow ,lend
D.borrow,borrow
11.Well go to the museum if it _______tomorrow.
A.cant rain
B.wont rain
C.dont rain
D.doesnt rian
12.Do you know ________?
A.where does he study
B.he studies where
C.where he studies
D.he where studies
13.A: _______do you go to see your grandparents?
B: Once a month
A.How often
B.How long
C.how much
D.how many
14.A: Would you like another cup of orange?
B: ______Im full.
A.No,thanks
B.Yes,please.
C.Here it is.
D.I dont like.
15.You must be tired.Why not ________a rest?
A.to stop to have
B.stop having
C.stop to have
D.to stop having
名詞意義及用法:
ble,ice,duck,flag...這些簡單的英語單詞,它們的名詞意義就算對(duì)初學(xué)英語者來說也一定是小菜一碟,但老外經(jīng)常把它們當(dāng)做動(dòng)詞用,它們的動(dòng)詞意義和用法你知道嗎?
1.table:名詞,桌子;當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,是指開會(huì)時(shí)延期討論提案等,也就是暫緩審議。(to postpone discussion of a bill or suggestion until future time); 例如:
They tabled the motion at the meeting.
I made the motion and he seconded it.(我提案,他同意。) (second 這里是動(dòng)詞,意思是贊成;to second the motion 也就是附議)
We are tabling this matter until further notice.(我們延期討論這件事,以后再說。)
2.pride:名詞,榮譽(yù);當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,是指感到得意或自豪。(to take pride in something)例如:
We prided ourselves on our good work.(我們?yōu)樽约汗ぷ鞯谋憩F(xiàn)而自豪。)
I have long prided myself on being a good teacher.(我一向以身為一名稱職的老師?而自豪。)
注意:to pride oneself on和 to be proud of 或 to take pride in 意思相近,只是用法和后面所跟的介詞不同而已。例如:
They take great pride in her daughter who is now a famous scientist.
I am very proud of being a Chinese.
3.carpet:名詞,地毯;當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,是覆蓋的意思 。(to cover something) 例如:
The flower girls carpeted the floor with rose petals before the brides entrance.(新娘進(jìn)來前,花童將玫瑰花瓣撒滿了地板。)
During the winter time my roof is carpeted with white snow.(冬天時(shí)我家的屋頂蓋滿了白雪。)
4.floor:名詞,地板;當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,是踩足汽車的油門,加速開車或使人驚訝。 (to press accelerator of a car to the floor in order to speed up; or to astonish someone) 例如:
As soon as I saw his gun,I floored my car.(我一見到他有槍,立即踩足油門加速開車。)
When you see a police car,dont floor it.(當(dāng)你看到警車時(shí),?開快車。)
The news really floored me; I hadnt been expecting it at all.(這個(gè)消息真使我吃驚地不知所措,這完全出乎我地意料。)
5.top:名詞,頂端;做動(dòng)詞用,是做得更好,或高過某人。 (to do something better or to be taller than someone) 例如:
If he had tried harder,he could have topped his class.(假如他以前用功些,他會(huì)在班里(成績)名列前茅的。)
The tax-cut issue will top todays agenda.(減稅問題將是今天的主要議題。)
Mr.Lin tops me by three inches.(林先生比我高三?)
6.flag:名詞,旗幟;當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,是指打旗號(hào)或做手勢來傳達(dá)訊息。 (to give signal for communication) 例如:
When my car broke down,I flagged a police car.(當(dāng)我的汽車拋錨的時(shí)候,我打了個(gè)信號(hào)招來一輛警車。)
The beach life-guards usually flag one another for communication.(海濱救生員通常用旗號(hào)傳達(dá)訊息。)
7.bridge:名詞,橋梁、橋牌;當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,是連接或溝通的意思。(to connect) 例如:
The parents are trying to bridge the generation gap with their children.(父母都在設(shè)法彌合與兒女的代溝。)
These tax reforms are attempt to bridge the gap between the rich and poor.(這些稅收改革旨在彌合貧富之間的差距。)
8.club:名詞,俱樂部、高爾夫球棒;當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,意思是用棍棒打人。(to beat someone with a stick) 例如:
The security officer should not club any suspect who does not resist arrest.(保安人員對(duì)任何沒有拒捕的嫌犯都不該用棍棒毆打。)
I saw the police clubbing a suspected robber.(我看到警察用棍棒打了那個(gè)搶劫嫌疑犯。)
初中英語閱讀技巧:
根據(jù)教育部制定的英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn),初中畢業(yè)生應(yīng)達(dá)到五級(jí)綜合語言運(yùn)用能力。閱讀理解是綜合語言運(yùn)用能力的一個(gè)重要方面,在中考中所占比重越來越大,這是拉開檔次的題目。
閱讀理解五級(jí)的目標(biāo)部分描述如下:
1、能根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義;
2、能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系;
3、能找出文章中的主題,理解故事的情節(jié),預(yù)測故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展和可能的結(jié)局;
4、能讀懂常見體裁的閱讀材料;
5、能根據(jù)不同的閱讀目的運(yùn)用簡單的閱讀策略獲取信息;
6、除教材外,課外閱讀量應(yīng)累計(jì)達(dá)到15萬詞以上(上海的要求更高一些,30萬詞以上)所謂閱讀能力是
指視讀能力、理解能力和對(duì)所讀材料的評(píng)價(jià)能力。
閱讀理解考查的項(xiàng)目大多是根據(jù)這三種能力的要求設(shè)計(jì)的。為了提高閱讀理解能力,同學(xué)們在做閱讀理解時(shí),就要在以下幾個(gè)方面下功夫:
。ㄒ唬┮⒁怵B(yǎng)成良好的閱讀心理閱讀時(shí)要去掉雜念,心緒要安定,精神要專一,要形成一種愜意的順向心理。造成大腦皮層的優(yōu)勢興奮中心。切不可一遇到幾個(gè)生詞難句,就心煩意亂,失去自控能力。心理學(xué)家告訴我們,任何恐慌,過分緊張的情緒都會(huì)形成一種消極因素妨礙大腦的正常思維功能。因此,遇到困難一定要從容不迫,心無旁騖。這樣才能對(duì)所讀的文章印象清晰,理解深刻。
。ǘ┮岣咭曌x的速度考閱讀理解,從另一個(gè)方面來說,考的是考試速度。2002年上海英語中考閱讀理解文章每篇均達(dá)到400詞左右。慢讀是不行的。因此做閱讀理解時(shí),要注意培養(yǎng)自己快速閱讀的習(xí)慣。閱讀時(shí)眼球總是不斷地移動(dòng)停頓移動(dòng)著。理解是在眼停的瞬間進(jìn)行的。我們要使眼停的時(shí)間相對(duì)增加,就要擴(kuò)大視讀的廣度,把逐詞逐句的點(diǎn)式閱讀變成一次掃描一句的線式閱讀,并且把看到的東西迅速報(bào)告給大腦,形成眼腦較快的直映能力。切不可在個(gè)別難懂的詞句上磨蹭,只要全篇理解了,個(gè)別難懂的詞句可以根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法去猜測,去推斷。
。ㄈ╅喿x時(shí)要注意培養(yǎng)語感所謂語感是指人們對(duì)語言中詞語搭配及句型結(jié)構(gòu)的熟練程度。語感好的人,理解力就強(qiáng),視讀的速度就快。閱讀時(shí)要留心詞語的搭配,即慣用法。必要時(shí)可用筆劃一劃或記下來。讀完每一篇文章,都應(yīng)總結(jié)歸納一下,積累了多少單詞,慣用法和句型,這樣語感自然就會(huì)好起來。
(四)讀完一篇文章后,要回味一番對(duì)文章的段落結(jié)構(gòu),中心思想,人物事件,論點(diǎn)論據(jù)要做到心中有數(shù)。對(duì)不清楚的地方可以再看幾次。要留心關(guān)鍵詞句,注意弦外之音。對(duì)文章的評(píng)價(jià)分析,一定要堅(jiān)持詞不離句,句不離篇,要理解文章作者的原意,而不能按你自己的意愿去想當(dāng)然。切記:一想當(dāng)然,就會(huì)出錯(cuò)。
如果文章太長,你可以先把文章后面的問題看一遍,帶著問題去看文章。這樣可以幫助你去掉雜念,提高閱讀速度和解題的正確性。要善于找關(guān)鍵句,特別要注意文章的第一段和最后一段的頭一句話,往往就是關(guān)鍵句,可以幫助你掌握文章的全貌,理解文章的主題。此外,還應(yīng)該細(xì)讀文章,因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)的試題是考細(xì)節(jié)?梢赃呑x邊用鉛筆做點(diǎn)標(biāo)記,把有關(guān)的人物,事件,時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因(即五個(gè)W,who,what,when,where,why)劃出來。凡逢人物就圈起來,看完一數(shù),有幾個(gè)圈就是幾個(gè)人,一目了然。