新視野大學(xué)英語4：Unit4 TextA（課文+譯文）

　　《新視野大學(xué)英語》是教育部“新世紀(jì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程建設(shè)工程”大學(xué)英語網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程的出版用名。使用對象為非英語專業(yè)的本科生。下面是小編為大家?guī)�來的新視野大學(xué)英語4：Unit4 TextA(課文+譯文)，歡迎閱讀！

　　1.Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, say, belief in democracy or disapproval of plastic surgery. But now that everyone from Ted Turner to George H. W. Bush has claimed love for Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, regulations and laws advanced by congressmen and constituents alike in the name of the environment? Clearly, not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How do we segregate the best options and consolidate our varying interests into a single, sound policy?

　　1.在上流社會，對環(huán)境的敏感就如同信仰民主、反對整容一樣，是一種不可或缺的態(tài)度。然而，既然從泰德特納到喬治W.H.布什，每個人都聲稱自己熱愛地球母親，那么，在由議員、選民之類的人以環(huán)境名義而提出的眾多的相互矛盾的提案、規(guī)章和法規(guī)中，我們又該如何做出選擇呢?顯而易見，并不是每一項冠以環(huán)境保護名義的事情都值得去做。我們怎樣才能分離出最佳選擇，并且把我們各自不同的興趣統(tǒng)一在同一個合理的政策當(dāng)中呢?

　　2.There is a simple way. First, differentiate between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things that would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Call this distinction the definitive rule of sane environmentalism, which stipulates that combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.

　　2.有一種簡便的方法。首先要區(qū)分什么是環(huán)境奢侈品，什么是環(huán)境必需品。奢侈品是指那些無需人類付出代價就能擁有的給人美好感受的東西。必需品則是指那些無論付出什么代價，都一定要去擁有的東西。這一區(qū)分原則可以被稱為理性環(huán)保主義的至高原則。它規(guī)定，對那些直接威脅人類健康與安全的生態(tài)變化采取應(yīng)對措施是環(huán)境保護的必需品，而其他則都屬于奢侈品。

　　3.For example, preserving the atmosphere - stopping ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect - is an environmental necessity. Recently, scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone depletion has a correlation not only with skin cancer and eye problems, it also destroys the ocean's ecology, the beginning of the food chain atop which we humans sit.

　　3.例如，保護大氣層——阻止臭氧損耗及控制溫室效應(yīng)——是環(huán)境保護的必需品。近來，科學(xué)家報告說臭氧層遭受破壞的程度遠比我們先前認為的要嚴(yán)重得多。臭氧損耗不僅與皮膚癌及眼疾有關(guān)，而且它還會破壞海洋生態(tài)。而海洋生態(tài)是食物鏈的起點，人類則位于該食物鏈的頂端。

　　4.The possible thermal consequences of the greenhouse effect are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disrupted climate, dry plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds people at all corners of the atlas. With the planetary climate changes, are we prepared to see Iowa take on New Mexico's desert climate, or Siberia take on Iowa's moderate climate?

　　4.溫室效應(yīng)所可能引發(fā)的熱效應(yīng)是非常具有毀滅性的：冰川融化、海岸線被淹沒、氣候遭受破壞、平原干涸，最終食物消失殆盡。美國中西部地區(qū)的糧食供養(yǎng)著全世界。隨著全球氣候的變化，我們難道準(zhǔn)備看到衣阿華州變成新墨西哥州的沙漠氣候，而西伯利亞變成衣阿華州的溫和氣候嗎?

　　5.Ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect are human disasters, and they are urgent because they directly threaten humanity and are not easily reversible. A sane environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will strike a chord with the general public, begins by openly declaring that nature is here to serve human beings. A sane environmentalism is entirely a human focused regime: It calls upon humanity to preserve nature, but merely within the parameters of self-survival.

　　5.臭氧損耗和溫室效應(yīng)是人類的災(zāi)難，而且是需要緊急處理的災(zāi)難，因為它們直接威脅到人類，且后果很難扭轉(zhuǎn)。理性環(huán)保主義——唯一能夠引起公眾共鳴的環(huán)保主張——首先公開聲明，自然是服務(wù)于人類的。理性環(huán)保主義是一種完全以人類為中心的思想。它號召人類保護自然，但是是在人類自我生存得到保證的前提之下。

　　6.Of course, this human focus runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in overt earth worship. Some people even allege that the earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindness of nature, one that is incompatible with the reality of natural disasters. My nature worship stops with the twister that came through Kansas or the dreadful rains in Bangladesh that eradicated whole villages and left millions homeless.

　　6.當(dāng)然，這種以人類為中心的主張與當(dāng)下盛行的環(huán)保主義是格格不入的，后者已經(jīng)沉溺于對地球的公然崇拜。有的人甚至聲稱地球是一個活的生物體。這種環(huán)保主義喜歡把自己看作是神圣的，其實它只是感情用事而已。比如，在自然是否友善的問題上，當(dāng)下的環(huán)保主義采取了高度選擇性的片面的觀點，而這種觀點與自然造成的災(zāi)難這一現(xiàn)實是不相協(xié)調(diào)的。當(dāng)龍卷風(fēng)肆虐堪薩斯州，當(dāng)瓢潑大雨襲擊孟加拉國，毀滅了整座整座的村莊，使幾百萬人失去家園的時候，我對自然的崇拜便停止了。

　　7.A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras's idea that "Man is the measure of all things." In establishing the sovereignty of man, such a principle helps us through the dense forest of environmental arguments. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Environmentalist coalitions, mobilizing against a legislative action working its way through the US Congress for the legalization of such exploration, propagate that Americans should be preserving and economizing energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either-or proposition. The US does need a sizable energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR rests one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America. It seems illogical that we are not finding safe ways to drill for oil in the ANWR.

　　7.非感情用事的環(huán)保主義是建立在普羅泰哥拉的格言“人是萬物的尺度”的基礎(chǔ)上的。在建立人類權(quán)威的過程中，這條原則會幫助我們梳理各種錯綜復(fù)雜的關(guān)于環(huán)境保護的爭議。就以當(dāng)前關(guān)于是否在北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)的某一角落開采石油的激烈爭論為例吧。環(huán)保主義者聯(lián)盟動員人們反對目前正在試圖通過美國國會審議、使這一開采行為變得合法化的一項立法行動。他們散布說美國應(yīng)該保護并且節(jié)約能源而不是開采能源。這其實是一個錯誤的非此即彼的主張。美國確實需要征收高額的能源稅以減少能源消耗，但同時也需要生產(chǎn)更多的能源。政府的估測表明，在北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)的地下蘊藏著美國五大油田之一的可能性幾乎到達 50%。我們沒有尋找安全的方法開采北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)地下的石油，這看上去是不符合情理的。

　　8.The US has just come through a war fought in part over oil. Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a bizarre sentimentalism that would deny oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the birthing grounds of Arctic caribou.

　　8.美國剛剛經(jīng)歷了一場戰(zhàn)爭，其部分原因就是為了獲取石油。對能源的依賴使美國不但付出了金錢的代價，而且也付出了生命的代價。就因為可能破壞北美馴鹿的繁衍地而放棄能夠以和平手段獲得的石油，這是一種十分怪異的感情用事。

　　9.I like the caribou as much as the next person. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns were disturbed. But you can't have your cake and eat it too. And in the standoff of the welfare of caribou versus reducing an oil reliance that gets people killed in wars, I choose people over caribou every time.

　　9.我像別人一樣喜歡馴鹿。如果他們的結(jié)合模式受到干擾，我會感到非常遺憾。但是，魚和熊掌不能兼得。是要保護馴鹿，還是要為了避免人們在戰(zhàn)爭中喪生而減少對石油的依賴，面對這一僵局，我每次都會選擇人類而不是馴鹿。

　　10.I feel similarly about the spotted owl in Oregon. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at a negligible cost, I would agree that it should be - biodiversity is after all necessary to the ecosystem. But we must remember that not every species is needed to keep that diversity. Sometimes aesthetic aspects of life have to be sacrificed to more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose the families (with their saws and chopped timber) over the owl.

　　10.我對俄勒岡州的斑點貓頭鷹的態(tài)度也是一樣。我絕不是仇視貓頭鷹。如果花很少的代價就可以保護貓頭鷹，我會贊同它應(yīng)受保護——畢竟，生物多樣性對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是非常必要的。但是，我們必須記住，保持生物多樣性并不意味著要留住每一種物種。有時候，為了更加根本的利益，我們不得不犧牲一部分生活中美的東西。如果為了保護斑點貓頭鷹而讓三萬伐木工家庭失去生計，我會選擇伐木工家庭(包括他們的鋸子和砍伐的木材)，而不是貓頭鷹。

　　11. The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are not. Nature is our ward, not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But when humans have to choose between their own well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.

　　11.重要的'是，我們要區(qū)分哪些東西對環(huán)境保護是根本性的，哪些是非根本性的。自然受我們的監(jiān)護，而不是我們的主人。我們應(yīng)該尊重自然，也可以開發(fā)利用自然。但是，如果人類必須在自身的福利和自然的福利之間作出選擇，自然則必須作出讓步。

　　12 .Humanity should accommodate only when its fate and that of nature are inseparably bound up. The most urgent maneuver must be undertaken when the very integrity of humanity's habitat, e.g., the atmosphere or the essential geology that sustains the core of the earth, is threatened. When the threat to humanity is lower in the hierarchy of necessity, a more modest accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment - because it is humanity's environment.

　　12.只有當(dāng)人類的命運與自然的命運密不可分時，人類才應(yīng)該作出讓步。當(dāng)人類棲息地的完整性(比如大氣層或維持地球核心的基本地質(zhì)狀況)受到威脅時，人類就必須立即調(diào)整自己的行為。而當(dāng)人類受到的威脅不大，不太需要對自己的行為進行調(diào)整時，恰當(dāng)?shù)淖龇ㄊ瞧胶饪紤]經(jīng)濟方面和與之相對的健康方面的因素，以便作出適度的調(diào)整。但是，無論是哪種情況，其遵循的原則是一致的：保護環(huán)境，因為這是我們?nèi)祟惖沫h(huán)境。

　　13 .The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sane and intelligible environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.

　　13.感情用事的環(huán)保主義者會說這種拯救自然的思路是完全錯誤的。的確是這樣。理性、明確的環(huán)保主義保護環(huán)境是為了人類自身，而不是為了自然。

　　新視野大學(xué)英語4：Unit2 TextA(課文+譯文)

　　1.If you're a man, at some point a woman will ask you how she looks.

　　2.You must be careful how you answer this question. The best technique is to from an honest yet sensitive response, then promptly excuse yourself for some kind of emergency. Trust me, this is the easiest way out. No amount of rehearsal will help you come up with the right answer.

　　1.如果你是一位男士，肯定在某個時候會有女士問你她看起來怎么樣。

　　2.對于如何應(yīng)對這個問題，你一定得小心。最好的對策是給你個誠實但又謹慎的回答。然后借口有急事馬上脫身。相信我，這是最簡單的方法，對于她的這一問題，無論你事先練習(xí)多少次，都不會找到正確答案。

　　3.He problem is that men do not think of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of themselves in seventh grade and stick to it for the rest of their lives. Some men think they're irresistibly desirable, and they refuse to change this opinion even when they grow bald and their faces visibly wrinkle as they age.

　　3.其原因是，男性和女性對外表的看法截然不同，大多數(shù)男性對自己的外表在七年級的時候就形成了，而且終生不變，有些男性認為自己有不可抗拒的魅力，即使隨著年齡的增長，他們的頭發(fā)掉光了，臉上布滿皺紋，他們?nèi)匀痪芙^改變這種看法。

　　4.Most men, I believe, are not arrogant about their minds at all, they like to think of themselves as average-looking. Being average doesn't bother them; average is fine. They don't affix much value to their looks, or think of them in terms of aesthetics. Their primary form of beauty care is to shave themselves, which is essentially the same care they give to their lawns. If, at the end of his four-minute allotment of time for grooming, a man has managed of wipe most of the shaving cream out of the strands of his hair and isn't bleeding too badly, he feels he's done all he can.

　　4.我相信,大多數(shù)人對他們的想法并不傲慢,他們喜歡把自己看成是普通人。平均不會打擾他們;平均是很好。他們不會給他們的外表貼上多少價值,也不能從美學(xué)角度考慮他們。他們的主要美容形式是刮胡子,這與他們給自家草坪的護理基本相同。如果在他的四分鐘時間分配給他的時候,一個男人已經(jīng)設(shè)法將大部分剃須從他的頭發(fā)斯特蘭茲了,而且不會太嚴(yán)重,他覺得他已經(jīng)盡力了。

　　5.Women do not look at themselves this way. If I had to guess what most women think about their appearance, it would be:"Not good enough." No matter how attractive a woman may be, her perception of herself is eclipsed by the beauty industry. She has trouble thinking"I'm beautiful." She magnifies the smallest imperfections in her body and imagines them as glaring flaws the whole world will notice and ridicule.

　　5.女性可不是這樣看待自己的，如果非要我猜測大多數(shù)女性對自己的相貌是如何評價的話，那肯定是"還不夠好"，一位女士，無論她看起來多么吸引人，他對自己的看法總是由于受美容業(yè)的影響而蒙著一層陰影。要他認為"我很漂亮"是一件難事。他把身體上的極小的不完美之處加以放大，并且幻想這些缺點十分明顯以至于全世界的人都會注意到并且嘲笑他 。

　　6.Why do women consider their looks so deficient? This chronic insecurity isn't inborn, but created though the interaction of many complex psychological and societal factors, beginning so that, if they were human, they would be seven feet tall and weigh 61 pounds, with tiny thighs and a large upper body. This is an absurd standard to live up to, especially when you consider the size of the doll's waist, a relative measurement physically impossible for a living human to achieve. Contrast this absurd standard with that presented to little boys with their "action figures". Most of the toys that young boys have played with were weird-looking, like the one called Buzz-Off that was part human, part flying insect. This guy was not a looker, but he was still extremely self-confident. You could not imagine him saying to the others,"Is this accessory the right shade of violet for this outfit?"

　　6.為什么女性會把自己的外貌想的這么差呢? 這種長期的不安全感并不是與生俱來的，而是由許多復(fù)雜的心理和社會因素的相互作用造成的從小時候大人們給他們買洋娃娃時候開始了，女孩成長過程中擺弄的洋娃娃，如果按照身材比例還原位真人大小的話，就會是7英尺高，61英鎊重，大腿纖細，上身豐滿，要達到這樣的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是很荒唐的，尤其是當(dāng)我們想想那種洋娃娃的腰圍尺寸，就知道其相對尺寸對任何一個活人來說都是不可企及的，與女孩玩具的這種荒唐標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比小男孩們得到的動作玩哦卻是完全不同的模樣。大多數(shù)男孩的玩具都樣貌古怪，例如那個叫做"蜜蜂俠"的玩哦，一半像人，一半是會飛的昆蟲。這個玩哦盡管樣子不好看，但仍然非常自信，你肯定無法想象他會問別人說"這個配飾的紫羅蘭色和這件外套配不配呢?

　　7.But women grow up thinking they need to look like Barbie dolls or girls on magazine covers, which for most women is impossible. Nonetheless, the multibillion-dollar beauty industry, complete with its own aisle in the grocery store, is devoted to constant warfare on female self-esteem, convincing women that they must buy all the newest moisturizing creams, bronzing powders and appliances that promise to "stimulate and restore" their skin. I once saw an Oprah Show in which supermodel Cindy Crawford dispensed makeup tips to the studio audience. Cindy had all these middle-aged women apply clay masks and other"wrinkle-removing" products to their faces; she stressed how important it was to adhere to the guidelines, like applying products via the tips of their fingers to protect elasticity. All the women dutifully did this, even though it was obvious to any rational observer that, no matter how carefully they applied these products, they would never have Cindy Crawford's face or complexion.

　　7.然而，女性在成長過程中卻認為自己應(yīng)該長得像芭比娃娃或雜志封面的封面女郎一樣，這對大多數(shù)女性來說是不可能的。盡管如此，產(chǎn)值達幾十億美元的美容業(yè)，在超市化妝品銷售專區(qū)的配合下，總是在不停地攻擊著女性的自尊，使其相信自己只有購買最新的保濕面霜、古銅散粉，以及各種美容器具，才能“激發(fā)和恢復(fù)”肌膚活力。我曾經(jīng)看過一期《奧普拉脫口秀》，在節(jié)目中，超級名模辛迪·克勞馥和演播室里的觀眾分享了自己的化妝秘笈。辛迪要求這些中年婦女在臉上敷上黏土面膜和其他祛皺產(chǎn)品;她還強調(diào)一定要遵守這些方法，例如：往臉上涂抹這些產(chǎn)品時，要用指尖，這樣可以保持肌膚的彈性。所有這些婦女都非常忠實地按照辛迪說的'做了�？墒菍θ魏我粋�理智的旁觀者來說，無論她們?nèi)绾握J真的使用這些產(chǎn)品，他們都不可能擁有辛迪那樣的面容或膚色。

　　8.I'm not saying that men are superior. I'm just saying that you're not going to get a group of middle-aged men to plaster cosmetics to themselves under the instruction of Brad Pitt in hopes of looking more like him. Men don't face the same societal focus purely on physical beauty, and they're encouraged to reach out to other characteristics to promote their self-esteem. They might say to Bard:"Oh yeah? Well, what do you know about lawn care, pretty boy?"

　　8. 我并不是說男性優(yōu)于女性。我的意思是你不可能讓一群中年男子在布拉德·皮特的指導(dǎo)下把化妝品敷到自己臉上，期望自己能看起來更像布拉德。與女性不同，男性的外貌美不是社會所關(guān)注的唯一焦點。人們會鼓勵男性借助其他特征來提升自尊。他們也許會對布拉德說：“是嗎?那么帥哥，你對維護草坪又知道多少?”

　　9.Of course women argue that they become obsessed with appearance as a reaction to pressure from men. The truth is that most men think beauty is more than just lipstick and perfume and take no notice of these extra details. I have never once, in more than 40 years of listening to men talk about women, heard a man say,"She had gorgeous fingernails!" To most men, little things like fingernails are all homogeneous anyway, and one woman's flawless pink polish is exactly as invisible as another's bare nails.

　　9. 當(dāng)然，女性會爭辯說她們對外表的熱衷追求是出于對來自男性的壓力的一種反應(yīng)。而事實是，大多數(shù)男性認為美麗不僅僅來自于口紅和香水，而且他們不會去注意這些額外的細節(jié)。四十多年來，我在聽男性談?wù)撆�性時，從來沒有一次聽到過哪位男性這樣說：“她的指甲真漂亮啊!”對大多數(shù)男性來說，像指甲這樣小的東西看起來都一樣，無論一個女生的指甲是用粉色指甲油涂的完美無瑕，還是光光的毫無修飾，男性都一概視而不見。

　　10.By participating in this system of extreme conformity, women are actually opening themselves up to the scrutiny of other women, the only ones qualified to judge their efforts. What is the real benefit of working this hard to appease men who don't notice when it only exposes women to prosecution from other women?

　　10.女性參與這種極端的從眾行為，實際上是把自己置于其他女性的審視之下，因為只有那些女性才有資格評價她們所付出的努力。但是，如此費力地去取悅男性而他們根本不會注意，同時又只是招致其它女性的指責(zé)，這樣做究竟有什么好處呢?

　　11.Anyway, to get back to my original point: If you're a man, and a woman asks you how she looks, you can't say she looks bad without receiving immediate and well-deserved outrage. But you also can't shower her with empty compliments about how her shoes complement her dress nicely because she'll know you're lying. She has spent countless hours worrying about the differences between her looks and Cindy Crawford's. Also, she suspects that you're not qualified to voice a subjective opinion on anybody's appearance. This may be because you have shaving cream in your hair and inside the folds of your ears.

　　11.不管怎樣，言歸正傳：如果你是一位男性，當(dāng)有女士問你她看起來怎么樣時，你千萬不能說她看起來很糟糕，那樣肯定會使她立刻遷怒于你，這也是你咎由自取。但是，你也不能慷慨地大放空洞之詞，贊美她的鞋子和裙子是多么相配，因為她知道你是在說謊。她已經(jīng)花費了無數(shù)個小時發(fā)愁自己的容貌不能和辛迪·克勞馥的一樣。而且，也許因為你的頭發(fā)和耳廓上粘著剃須膏，她會懷疑你根本沒有資格對任何人的外表給出主觀評價。