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考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法
句子一:With regard to Futurist poetry,however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be--even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.the case is rather difficult是句子主干,rather是副詞,相當(dāng)?shù),修飾形容詞difficult;with regard to Futurist poetry作狀語(yǔ),with regard to就...而言;however表明前后對(duì)比關(guān)系; for引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句,解釋難的原因,從句為it can hardly be classed as Literature,hardly是否定副詞,幾乎不;在原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,whatever Futurist poetry may be--even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right在句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ),admitting that后接賓語(yǔ)從句the theory may be right,on which it is based是修飾the theory的定語(yǔ)從句。參考翻譯:然而就未來(lái)主義詩(shī)歌而言,情況就很難說(shuō)了,因?yàn)椴还芪磥?lái)主義詩(shī)歌是什么--即使承認(rèn)其理論基礎(chǔ)是正確的--也很難將其歸為文學(xué)。
句子二:Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans,he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.句子主干是he ordered that...and asked...to...;Declaring that...現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ),that后接賓語(yǔ)從句;he ordered that后接賓語(yǔ)從句,order后跟虛擬語(yǔ)氣,省略了should;連字符中間的句子作插入語(yǔ),是although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;asked是與ordered并列的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,用法是ask sb.(experts) to do(report back), chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro過(guò)去分詞做定語(yǔ)修飾experts,to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning做狀語(yǔ)。參考翻譯:他宣布自己反對(duì)使用這種非同尋常的畜牧技術(shù)來(lái)克隆人類,并下令不準(zhǔn)使用聯(lián)邦基金做此類實(shí)驗(yàn)--盡管也沒(méi)有人建議這么做--他還請(qǐng)一個(gè)以普林斯頓大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)哈羅德.夏皮羅為主席的獨(dú)立專家組在90天內(nèi)向白宮匯報(bào)關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國(guó)家政策的建議。
分析每一個(gè)考研英語(yǔ)中的長(zhǎng)難句,首先要找出其中的句子主干是關(guān)鍵,就像一棵大樹(shù)的主干,再看其他分支具體是做什么成分,在分析具體成分時(shí)需要對(duì)于這些狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)有所了解,真題也是對(duì)這些知識(shí)的理解與鞏固。
導(dǎo)語(yǔ):考研基礎(chǔ)階段,近期學(xué)員咨詢的問(wèn)題都是涉及長(zhǎng)難句。確實(shí),考研復(fù)習(xí)的順序要有規(guī)律,基礎(chǔ)階段不要著急去靠做題強(qiáng)化。基礎(chǔ)階段中的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)是必要的。今天作者就2016考研英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)中的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句給大家進(jìn)行講解。
讓步狀語(yǔ)從句是狀語(yǔ)從句的一種,一般翻譯成"盡管"或"即使"。引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有though, although, while, as, even if, even though, whether...or..., no matter, regardless of, despite, in spite of等。下面我們就舉幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的例子對(duì)其用法進(jìn)行闡釋。
AlthoughThough he got ill, he still insisted on working all day long. 雖然他病了,但他依然堅(jiān)持一天工作。AlthoughThough引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí),區(qū)別甚微,Although比Though正式,一般情況可以互換。在上邊句子中,主句中出現(xiàn)了still(仍然),而且在中文的翻譯中,是"雖然,但是",但需要注意的是,出現(xiàn)這兩個(gè)詞的句子中,不能有but出現(xiàn),但可以與yet,still連用。
Hard asthough he is, he fails in the end. Asthough引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,要以部分倒裝形式出現(xiàn),如上邊句子,正常語(yǔ)序是Asthough he is hard, he fails in the end. Hard是表語(yǔ)成分,需要前置形成部分倒裝。被倒裝的成分可以是表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或動(dòng)詞原形。
Even if/even though表示"即使、縱使"的意思。我們從下邊兩個(gè)句子中看看這兩個(gè)連詞的區(qū)別。Even if it rains tomorrow, we won't change our plan.即使明天下雨,我們也不會(huì)改變我們的計(jì)劃。Even though the Chinese team has the least experience, they get the best.雖然中國(guó)隊(duì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)最少,但是他們?nèi)〉昧俗詈玫某煽?jī)。由上可看出,Even if后接的句子發(fā)生在"明天",是未發(fā)生的事情,包含一種假設(shè);Even though往往引導(dǎo)的事實(shí)是發(fā)生過(guò)的。
While引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)必須置于句首,這一用法比較好理解。While I know what you say, I can not agree with you.雖然我明白你說(shuō)的,但我還是不能同意。While除了引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,還可以引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,其接的動(dòng)詞為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或表示狀態(tài)的詞;還可以表示前后的轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ取?/p>
Whether...or...引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,但這種從句也可以理解成"選擇條件-讓步狀語(yǔ)從句"。Whether you like him or not, he will come tonight.不管你喜不喜歡他,他今晚都會(huì)來(lái)的。
"No matter+疑問(wèn)詞=疑問(wèn)詞-ever"引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句是比較常見(jiàn)的,需要注意的是"No matter+疑問(wèn)詞"只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,"疑問(wèn)詞-ever"還可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,對(duì)于二者的區(qū)分,從例子中獲取。Whatever you say, I will not believe you.(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句);I will see whatever you show me.(名詞性從句)。區(qū)分二者,可以把從句去掉,看剩下的句子在意思上是否和原句一致,一致的是讓步狀語(yǔ),不一致的是名詞性從句。去掉之后分別是I will not believe you.和I will see.第一句和原句一致,第二句與原句存在偏差,因?yàn)榫渲袪钫Z(yǔ)成分不會(huì)影響整句意思。
在基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)這一塊,從句是一大塊,而其中的狀語(yǔ)從句又是重中之重,這一系列的文章都會(huì)涉及狀語(yǔ)從句類,希望整體上的梳理能夠幫助大家對(duì)每一類從句都有個(gè)清楚的認(rèn)識(shí)。以上是引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的一些連詞,不需要記憶,大家就是要有個(gè)整體的認(rèn)識(shí),看到這些連詞要知道對(duì)應(yīng)的句子類型。希望大家能夠穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打,會(huì)后期強(qiáng)化沖刺做好準(zhǔn)備!
活學(xué)活用案例一
Prior to the twentieth century , women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any feature that made them unique inpiduals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.
【詞匯突破】prior to 在...之前
Stereotypes 模式化的形象,固定模式,刻板印象,陳規(guī)老套
lacking=lack of 缺乏,沒(méi)有
feature 特征
unipue inpidual 獨(dú)特的個(gè)體
subject to 容易遭受,受……管制
numerous 很多的
【主干識(shí)別】
Women in novels were stereotypes and were also subject to numerous restrictions .
【其他成分】
of lacking any feature that made unique inpiduals 為定語(yǔ),其中還包括一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句;imposed by the male- dominated culture 作定語(yǔ)修飾restrictions .
【譯文賞析】20世紀(jì)前,小說(shuō)中的女性都是一些刻板的形象,沒(méi)有任何特點(diǎn),所以無(wú)法成為獨(dú)特的個(gè)體,而且他們還屈從于男性主宰的文化傳統(tǒng)加強(qiáng)給他們的種種舒服。
活學(xué)活用案例二
The idea of fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs , even to run an electric motor , is almost unbelievable.
【詞匯突破】generate electricity 發(fā)電
light 點(diǎn)亮
【主干識(shí)別】The idea is almost unbelievable.
【其他成分】of fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs , even to run an electric motor 作定語(yǔ)修飾the idea。
以上就是對(duì)于句子結(jié)構(gòu)的把握,但是如果要翻譯的話,肯定不能按英語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)翻譯,定語(yǔ)被前置的話,后果將是災(zāi)難性的。所以過(guò)長(zhǎng)的修飾部分可以單獨(dú)成句,然后再按照漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)序重新排列。
首先定語(yǔ)部分可以切分為兩個(gè)部分:
1.of fish being able to generate electricity
魚可以發(fā)電
2. strong enough to light small bulbs , even to run an electric motor
電的強(qiáng)度足以點(diǎn)亮點(diǎn)燈,甚至可以開(kāi)動(dòng)電馬達(dá)
再看主句:
3.The idea is almost unbelievable.
這種理念簡(jiǎn)直讓人難以置信。
這樣,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)其實(shí)按123的順序來(lái)翻譯就符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
不積跬步無(wú)以至千里,不積小流無(wú)以成江河。希望通過(guò)作者今天的講解能夠有效幫助各位考生構(gòu)筑長(zhǎng)難句王國(guó)的大廈。找對(duì)合適的學(xué)習(xí)方法,備考的陽(yáng)光每天都在。草長(zhǎng)鶯飛,拂堤楊柳,正是備考好時(shí)節(jié)。預(yù)祝各位考生圓夢(mèng)考場(chǎng),成功進(jìn)入理想院校的大門!
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