2017年考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解專項(xiàng)試題及答案
篇一：
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm’s remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theater, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?
An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufacturers and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.
To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. Mckendrick favors a Veblem model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for cons//m.emrowgh.com/picpetition.
Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.
That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to
[A] contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
[B] indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to eighteenth-century English history.
[C] give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in eighteenth-century England.
[D] support the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be answered.
2. Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 3-4, paragraph 2?
[A] A written agreement between a supplier of raw materials and a supplier of luxury goods.
[B] A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.
[C] A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.
[D] A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods such as pottery.
3. According to the text, Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?
[A] Enthusiasm.
[B] Curiosity.
[C] Ambivalence.
[D] Hostility.
4. In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with
[A] contrasting two theses and offering a compromise.
[B] questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to them.
[C] paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptions.
[D] examining two theories and endorsing one over the other.
5. According to the text, eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the text readers are
[A] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social classes.
[B] dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and services.
[C] dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial development.
[D] similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services.
[答案與考點(diǎn)解析]
1. 【答案】C
【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道例(舉)證題型。根據(jù)題干中的“McKendrick and Plumb”可將本題的答案信息來(lái)源迅速確定在首段的第二、三句。由于這兩句話和首段第一句之間存在例(舉)證的關(guān)系，故針對(duì)首段第一句進(jìn)行認(rèn)真理解。通過(guò)綜合分析和歸納這三句話，可得出含有“examples”的選項(xiàng)C是正確答案�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要善于識(shí)別題型，這一點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)是要學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別句子之間的關(guān)系。
2. 【答案】B
【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。題干中的信息以將本題的答案信息來(lái)源確定在第二段的三、四行。即第二段第二句的主句，該句中的“only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers”暗示本題的答案是選項(xiàng)B�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要學(xué)會(huì)識(shí)別原文和選項(xiàng)中同義詞的替換。
3. 【答案】D
【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。通過(guò)題干中的“Thompson”一詞可迅速將本題的正確選項(xiàng)確定在第二段的尾句。從第二段尾句的前半部分即分號(hào)前面的部分我們不難推導(dǎo)出本題正確選項(xiàng)是D。原文中的“opposition”一詞十分重要�？忌诮忸}時(shí)要善于從原文的表面歸納出深刻的思想。
4. 【答案】B
【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道寫作手法題型。旨在考察考生的語(yǔ)言基本功。本題考察考生對(duì)于段落寫作結(jié)構(gòu)的認(rèn)識(shí)。本文第三段的第一、二句是對(duì)某一個(gè)問(wèn)題的一種解釋。本文第三段的第三、四、五句是對(duì)同一個(gè)問(wèn)題的另一種解釋，本文作者對(duì)這兩種解釋提出了質(zhì)疑。本文第三段的第六、七句是作者本人針對(duì)前面兩個(gè)解釋所提出的另外一種解釋�？梢�(jiàn)本題的正確選項(xiàng)是B�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要重視文章或段落的寫作結(jié)構(gòu)。
5. 【答案】D
【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道審題定位與關(guān)鍵詞理解題。通過(guò)題干中的“the contemporary world of the text readers”可將本題的答案信息迅速確定在尾段，因?yàn)槲捕沃械?ldquo;our own world”等于“the contemporary world of the text readers”。尾段最后一行中的“foreshadows”(預(yù)示;是……的預(yù)兆)一詞暗示本題的正確選項(xiàng)是D�？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要有審題定位能力，并且對(duì)于原文中的關(guān)鍵詞要有入目三分的理解。
[參考譯文]
直到最近，史學(xué)家們才發(fā)現(xiàn)在十八世紀(jì)的英國(guó)，對(duì)豪華奢侈商品和服務(wù)的需求出現(xiàn)增長(zhǎng)的現(xiàn)象。麥克德瑞克研究了韋奇伍德公司在營(yíng)銷豪華陶制品方面的極大成功;而普拉姆也著文論述了地方劇院、音樂(lè)節(jié)目以及兒童玩具和書(shū)籍激增的情形。盡管這場(chǎng)消費(fèi)者革命的事實(shí)幾乎毋庸置疑，但仍有三個(gè)關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題尚待解決：消費(fèi)者是些什么人?他們的動(dòng)機(jī)是什么?以及這種對(duì)奢侈品的新需求的社會(huì)影響是什么?
關(guān)于第一問(wèn)題的答案是很難獲得的。盡管它可能從制造商和服務(wù)行業(yè)認(rèn)為消費(fèi)者想要什么而實(shí)際制造的商品和提供的服務(wù)中推知，但只有對(duì)實(shí)際消費(fèi)者的相關(guān)私人資料的研究才能提供一種“誰(shuí)想要什么”的精確狀況。我們?nèi)匀恍枰肋@種消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)到底有多大，以及消費(fèi)者對(duì)奢侈商品的需求向下滲透到社會(huì)的什么層次。對(duì)最后一個(gè)問(wèn)題而言，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)注意到，在過(guò)去，湯姆遜雖然正確恢復(fù)了勞動(dòng)人民在十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)歷史舞臺(tái)上的地位，但整體而言可能夸大了他們對(duì)資本主義消費(fèi)方式侵蝕的抵抗情緒。例如，十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)的勞動(dòng)人民迅速?gòu)募裔劦钠【妻D(zhuǎn)而飲用由那些大規(guī)模、高度資本化的城市釀酒廠生產(chǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化啤酒。
為了回答消費(fèi)者為什么變得那么急于購(gòu)物這一問(wèn)題，一些史學(xué)家指出，這是因?yàn)橹圃焐虃兛梢栽跓o(wú)需審查的報(bào)刊上刊登廣告。然而，這似乎并不是個(gè)理由充分的答案。麥克德瑞克贊成維布倫模型，即由社會(huì)地位的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)而引起的一種引人注目的消費(fèi)。“中產(chǎn)階級(jí)”購(gòu)買優(yōu)質(zhì)商品和服務(wù)，是因?yàn)樗麄兿胱冯S由富人建立的消費(fèi)時(shí)尚。我們可能再次懷疑這種解釋是否充足。難道人們喜愛(ài)購(gòu)物不是一種自我滿足的形式嗎?如果是這樣，那么上述消費(fèi)主義可以被看做是一種個(gè)人主義和物質(zhì)主義新興概念的產(chǎn)物，而不一定是瘋狂進(jìn)行引人注目的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)果。
最后，這種消費(fèi)者對(duì)奢侈品的需求所導(dǎo)致的后果又是什么呢?麥克德瑞克聲稱，這將極為有助于解釋工業(yè)革命的到來(lái)。但事實(shí)果真如此嗎?例如，高質(zhì)量的陶制品和玩具與鋼鐵制造和紡織工廠的發(fā)展有什么關(guān)系呢?即使沒(méi)有重工業(yè)的存在，消費(fèi)社會(huì)在心理上和現(xiàn)實(shí)上都是完全可能存在的。
然而，對(duì)這些關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題的進(jìn)一步探究毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)是需要的，而且不應(yīng)當(dāng)減弱近期研究所得結(jié)論的說(shuō)服力：十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)對(duì)那些有用和瑣碎商品及服務(wù)的不知足的需求預(yù)示了我們目前的'這個(gè)世界的特征。
篇二：
The intensive work of materials scientists and solid-state physicists has given rise to a class of solids known as amorphous metallic alloys or glassy metals. There is a growing interest among theoretical and applied researchers alike in the structural properties of these materials.
When a molten metal or metallic alloy is cooled to a solid, a crystalline structure is formed that depends on the particular alloy composition. In contrast, molten nonmetallic glass-forming materials when cooled do not assume a crystalline structure, but instead retain a structure somewhat like that of the liquid — an amorphous structure. At room temperature the natural long-term tendency for both types of materials is to assume the crystalline structure. The difference between the two is in the kinetics or rate of formation of the crystalline structure which is controlled by factors such as the nature of the chemical bonding and the ease with which atoms move relative to each other. Thus, in metals, the kinetics favors rapid formation of a crystallines structure whereas in nonmetallic glasses the rate of formation is so slow that almost any cooling rate is sufficient to result in an amorphous structure. For glassy metals to be formed, the molten metal must be cooled extremely rapidly so that crystallization is suppressed.
The structure of glassy metals is thought to be similar to that of liquid metals. One of the first attempts to model the structure of a liquid was that by the late J. D. Bernal of the University of London, who packed hard spheres into a rubber vessel in such a way as to obtain the maximum possible density. The resulting dense, random-packed structure was the basis for many attempts to model the structure of glassy metals.
Calculations of the density of alloys based on Bernal-type models of the alloys metal component agree fairly well with the experimentally determined values from measurements on alloys consisting of a noble metal together with a metalloid such as alloys of palladium and silicon or alloys consisting of iron phosphors, and carbon, although small discrepancies remained. One difference between real alloys and the hard spheres area in Bernal models is that the components of an alloy have different size, so that models based on two sizes of spheres are more appropriate for a binary alloy for example. The smaller metalloid atoms of the alloys might fit into holes in the dense random-packed structure of the larger metal atoms.
One of the most promising properties of glassy metals is their high strength combined with high malleability. In usual materials, one finds an inverse relation between the two properties, whereas for many practical applications simultaneous presence of both properties is desirable. One residual obstacle to practical applications that is likely to be overcome is the fact that glassy metals will crystallize at relatively low temperatures when heated slightly.
1. The author is primarily concerned with discussing
[A] crystalline solids and their behavior at different temperatures.
[B] molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of their crystalline structure.
[C] glassy metals and their structural characteristics.
[D] metallic alloys and problems in determining their density.
2. The author’s attitude toward the prospects for the economic utilization of glassy metals is one of
[A] disinterest.
[B] impatience.
[C] optimism.
[D] apprehension.
3. According to the text, which of the following determines the crystalline structure of a metallic alloy?
[A] At what rate the molten alloy is cooled.
[B] How rapid the rate of formation of the crystalline phase is.
[C] How the different-sized atoms fit into a dense random-packed structure.
[D] What the alloy consists of and in what ratios.
4. Which of the following best describes the relationship between the structure of liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals, as it is presented in the text?
[A] The latter is an illustrative example of the former.
[B] The latter is a large-scale version of the former.
[C] The former is a structural elaboration of the latter.
[D] The former is a fair approximation of the latter.
5. It can be inferred from the text that, theoretically, molten nonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amorphous structure only if they are cooled
[A] very evenly, regardless of the rate.
[B] rapidly, followed by gentle heating.
[C] very slowly.
[D] to room temperature.