怎樣判斷定語從句
定語從句在句中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。 那么怎樣判斷定語從句?下面我們?nèi)チ私庖幌掳?
怎樣判斷定語從句
一、定語從句的識別：
名詞(句子)+連接詞+句子
其中識別度最高的關(guān)鍵之處，就是連接詞，它有三種：
① 關(guān)系代詞：who, whom, that, which, as, whose
�、� 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why, how
③ 介詞+關(guān)系代詞：介詞+whom, 介詞+which, 介詞+whose
但注意，有時(shí)你會看到 in that，但in that=because，算是一種固定搭配，這和定語從句沒關(guān)系。
這里單獨(dú)說一下as引導(dǎo)的定語從句吧，因?yàn)槠渌歼�比較常見，as相對來說比較生疏。
主要是在same和such之后，定語從句用as引導(dǎo)，但偶爾the same后面也用that.
如：I've never heard such stories as he tells.
我從來沒聽到過他講的這種故事。
He is wearing the same suit as(或that) he wore at Mary's wedding.
他穿著與他在瑪麗的婚禮上穿的一樣的衣服。
二、定語從句的處理
原則：將定語從句完整地切分出來，獨(dú)立成句。
兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)：
�、� 完整地切分;
�、� 獨(dú)立成句
第一步，切分：切分點(diǎn)在連接詞前，如果連接詞前有介詞那就在介詞前。
如：I love this girl / who is beautiful.
I went to Changchun / where I met my wife for the first time.
I have three books / of which the red is my favorite.
第二步，找指代(也就是關(guān)系代詞的指代對象)：
如：This is the expert / to whom we are turning.
注：turn to = resort to = 求助于……
這句話里的關(guān)系代詞是 whom , 它的指代對象是the expert.
所以這句話翻譯過來是：這就是我們正在求助的那個(gè)專家。
第三步，調(diào)語序
需要調(diào)整語序的也就是關(guān)系代詞和(介詞+關(guān)系代詞)
還是上面那句話：This is the expert to whom we are turning.
先切分，① this is the expert /
② to whom we are turning
再找到第②句中whom的指代對象，whom=the expert
也就是 to the expert we are turning
這時(shí)落實(shí)到我們要講的調(diào)語序了，因?yàn)槲覀儼l(fā)現(xiàn)to the expert we are turning,它由于受到定語從句規(guī)則的限制，所以不是正常語序，現(xiàn)在我們把它變成正常語序就是：we are turning to the expert
這時(shí)，你再翻譯成中文時(shí)就沒有障礙了。
至此，我們總結(jié)一下，定語從句的處理就是分三步，1.切分;2.找指代;3.調(diào)語序
這樣就可以完成了將一個(gè)定語從句從英文到中文的轉(zhuǎn)換，所以下次遇到定語從句時(shí)，你只管先“咔嚓”來一刀，給它切開，兩個(gè)句子安安靜靜地出現(xiàn)在你面前，你就別么費(fèi)勁地去前置了，那么定語從句就不能前置了嗎?也不是不能，語義如果挺順暢的你就前置唄，只是能前置的定語從句基本上都退化成后置定語了，比如，an apple which is on the table也可以寫成an apple on the table(桌子上的蘋果)
a way which is to solve the problem也可以寫成 a way to solve the problem(解決這個(gè)問題的方法)
定語從句的幾個(gè)難點(diǎn)
難點(diǎn)一：定語從句與并列句的區(qū)別
觀察下面三個(gè)句子：
1.Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, ________ disappointed his mother.
2.Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and ________ disappointed his mother.
3.Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; ________ disappointed his mother.
(提示：判斷是定語從句還是并列句，要注意句中的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號和句中的連接詞。)
例1：Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _____ didn’t help.
A.he B.which
C.she D.it
例2：The weather turned out to be very good, _____ was more than we expected.
A.that B.which
C.where D.it
例3：The mother told her lazy son to work instead of staying at home; ____ didn’t help.
A.it B.she
C.which D.as
難點(diǎn)二：介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句中介詞的選擇
“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，可從以下幾點(diǎn)定位關(guān)系代詞前的介詞。
1.介詞與先行詞搭配是一種固定搭配
I still remember the day ____________ I first came to school.
The company ______________ I once worked has changed much.
2.介詞與從句中動詞的'搭配
He is a man of great knowledge, _____________ much can be learned.
In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person _____________ she could turn for help.
3.介詞與從句中形容詞的搭配
China is a beautiful country, _____________we are greatly proud.
The teacher talked about some subjects _________________ the students were interested.
4.與名詞之間的搭配
He may be late, ________________ we ought to wait for him.(如果是這樣)
Call me at six o’clock, __________________ I should get up.(到那個(gè)時(shí)候)
Ex:
(1)There is a room, _______________________ faces the river.
那兒有一間房子，窗戶面對這條河。
(2)They are the very people _______________________ for help.
他們就是那些你可以向其求助的人。
(3)China has many islands, _______________________ Taiwan is the largest.
中國有很多島嶼，臺灣是其中最大的一個(gè)。
(4)They arrived at a house, _______________________.
他們到達(dá)一所房子，前面坐著一個(gè)小男孩。
(5)Gun control is a subject ________ Americans have argued for a long time.
A.of which B.with which
C.about which D.into which
(6)By nine o’clock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, ________ appeared a rare rainbow soon.
A.of which B.on which
C.from which D.above which
(7)For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further, _____ New York is an example.
A.for which B.in which
C.of which D.form which
注意：The way ________ he explained to us was quite simple.
The way ________ he explained the sentence was simple.
難點(diǎn)三：引導(dǎo)詞as , which
1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容時(shí)的區(qū)別：
(1)表達(dá)“正如”之意時(shí)，用as, 如果僅指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容而沒有“正如”之意，則用which。
He went abroad, ______ was unexpected.
She is a good mother, _____ her mother used to be.
(2)當(dāng)從句位于主句前面時(shí)，用as。
______ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth.
2.限制性定語從句中有such, the same 時(shí)，其后常用as 引導(dǎo)定語從句。
He is such a good teacher _______ we all love and respect.
This is the same pen _______ I lost.
3.which既可指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容，又可以指代先行詞。
The river, _______ flows through London, is called the Thames.
4.as常與從句中的know, see, hear, expect等動詞連用，也常用于as often happens, as is often the case等句子中。
He was absent from school, _______ is often the case.
難點(diǎn)四關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞(補(bǔ)全法或還原法)
1.Do you still remember the chicken farm ________ we visited three months ago?
2.In an hour, we can travel to places ________ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
3.Some pre-school children go to a day care centre, ________ they learn simple games and songs.
練習(xí)：
1.By 16:30, ________ was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A.which B.when
C.what D.that
2.A woman with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”
A.that B.which
C.where D.what
3.—How do you like the film Examination 1997, Mr. Li?
—It brings the hours back to me _____ I was forced to raise pigs in a faraway village.
A.who B.that
C.when D.where
難點(diǎn)五先行詞為point, case, situation等時(shí)所構(gòu)成的定語從句
1.—Do you have anything to say for yourself?
—Yes, there’s one point ______ we must insist on.
A.why B.where
C.how D./
2.I have reached a point in my life ______ I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A.which B.where
C.how D.Why
3.Our new partnership with France Telecom is really a win-win situation _____ both sides benefit a great deal.
A.which B.that
C.where D.what
4.Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases _____ beginners of learning English fail to use the language properly.
A.which B.as
C.why D.where
5.It’s helpful to put children in a situation ___________________________________.
把孩子們放在一個(gè)能使他們從另外一個(gè)角度認(rèn)識自己的環(huán)境中對他們有益。
6.Now there is just one point _____________________________________.
現(xiàn)在只有一點(diǎn)你能弄清楚。
定語從句語法總結(jié)
一．幾個(gè)基本概念1.定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。
2.先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。
3.定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后。
4.引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）。
�。�1）關(guān)系代詞：that/who/whom/which/as
�。�2）關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why
5.引導(dǎo)詞的位置：位于定語從句之前（先行詞之后）�！綼s除外】
6.引導(dǎo)詞的功能（作用）：
�。�1）連接先行詞和定語從句。
�。�2）在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語）。
7.定語從句的類型：
�。�1）限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間無逗號）。
�、� 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
�、� 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
介詞的選用可根據(jù)從句中的相關(guān)詞組確定，該介詞通�？梢苑旁陉P(guān)系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
�。�2）非限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開）。
�、� 直接由引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。
�、� 由介詞+關(guān)系代詞（whom/which）引導(dǎo)。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
This is the man to whom I gave the book.
�、� 由“代詞/名詞+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名詞/代詞”(先行詞指
人用whom,指物用which)引導(dǎo)。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分比與of whom或of which連用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比較：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句外，其余引導(dǎo)詞都可以，用法同限定性定語從句一樣。但要注意以下區(qū)別。
1.在形式上非限定性定語從句與主句有逗號隔開。
2.非限定性定語從句的作用：它只是補(bǔ)充說明先行詞的情況，翻譯時(shí)可譯成兩個(gè)句子。
The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位工程師被很快送往醫(yī)院，其腿部受了重傷）
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
�。俏煌炔渴芰酥貍墓こ處煴缓芸焖屯t(yī)院）
3.在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略（包括引導(dǎo)詞在此定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語在內(nèi)）。指人做主語時(shí)只能用who, 做賓語時(shí)用whom; [要學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)-中學(xué)生最喜歡的學(xué)習(xí)論壇；
指物做主語，賓語都用which; 關(guān)系副詞用when或where，也不能省略。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.
The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
He went to America, ______ his parents live.
He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
4.whose引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
＝The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二.定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的`基本用法
1.who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。
Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介賓）。
�、� 當(dāng)作動賓（動詞后接賓語）時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。
Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
② 當(dāng)作介賓（介詞后接賓語）時(shí)：
介詞不提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略；
介詞提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋whom(指人時(shí)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom)。
The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
注：固定的動詞短語（動詞+介詞）如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。
She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語（動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，whose不能省略。。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.
I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主語）
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （動賓）
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介賓）
4.which/that 指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語（動賓或介賓）。
�、� 當(dāng)作動賓時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略。
�、� 當(dāng)作介賓時(shí)：
介詞不提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可省略；
介詞提前時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞＋which(指物時(shí)介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which)。
The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which(先行詞指人用whom，指物用which)。
5.as指人或物，在定語從句中可作主語，賓語，表語或狀語，不能省略。主要用于 “the same …as…；such …as…；so …as…；as … as…；as follows”固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，形式固定此時(shí)的引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引導(dǎo)定語從句：
Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.
Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.
My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.
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