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定語(yǔ)從句which是賓語(yǔ)
定語(yǔ)從句which是賓語(yǔ)
Which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)用功能有利于區(qū)別于that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句的鮮明特色。
一、語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn)。
�、儆袑掗煹闹复秶�。不僅可措代主句中某一先行詞___名詞（A），還可以指代主句中某些句子成分，如不定式賓補(bǔ)，不定式賓語(yǔ)，動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)等（B），甚至整個(gè)主句
�。–）。后兩項(xiàng)功能是that所沒(méi)有的。
�。ˋ）The computer which(=that) I bought yesterday is home made.
（B）Yesterday I asked him to go to the cinema with me, which agreed(昨天我要他同我一道去看電影，他同意了)。
He wishes to get quick rich without any labour, which we think only Wishful thinking (他想不勞而獲，迅速致富，我們認(rèn)為這是想入非非)。
�。–）The sun heats the earth，Which is very important to living things(太陽(yáng)曬熱地球，這對(duì)于萬(wàn)物是十分重要的)。
�、诜窍薅ㄐ远ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中，無(wú)論主語(yǔ)還是賓語(yǔ)，關(guān)系代詞用which不用that;即使which作賓語(yǔ)也不省去。
Football, which is very interesting, is played all over the world.
I never give up learning foreign languages. Which I fink to de a bridged to the world(我從沒(méi)有放棄過(guò)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，因?yàn)槲野l(fā)現(xiàn)外語(yǔ)是通向世界的橋梁)。
（比較下一句關(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)可省去的限定性定語(yǔ)從句。二者在這一點(diǎn)上的區(qū)別一目了然：It is the computer (that /which) I bought last week.）
③“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句有一下四點(diǎn)值得注意。
A:當(dāng)介詞前置時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用which而非that；而且which不省去。
The pencil with he was writing broke.
無(wú)The pencil with that he was writing broke;也無(wú)The pencil with he was writing broke.
(注：當(dāng)介詞后置于定語(yǔ)從句動(dòng)詞后面，并且從句是定性的，關(guān)系代詞which, that可互換，能省略。This is the room which/that the great man once worked in.)
B:先行詞表示時(shí)間，定語(yǔ)從句可用關(guān)系副詞（when;先行詞表示地點(diǎn)，定語(yǔ)從句可用關(guān)系副詞where:
We’ll never forget the day on which (-when )we visited the Great wall.
They went to the village where(-at which )the oil well was located定位）。
C：此結(jié)構(gòu)再延伸，出現(xiàn)“名詞/代詞+of/among+關(guān)系代詞”的格局，名詞又有數(shù)量意義，如“許多，一些，大部分，20個(gè)等”，則整個(gè)短語(yǔ)譯作“其中許多；其中一些…”：
On the crowded bus were school children, many of whom were from Beijing.
也可以把名詞/代詞稱到關(guān)系代詞后面，整個(gè)短語(yǔ)的功能不變：
He borrowed from the library novels and magazines, among which some are in English.
D:此延伸結(jié)構(gòu)若是“名詞+介詞of+關(guān)系代詞”的格局，名詞無(wú)數(shù)量意義，則同于whose+名詞：
He lives in the house the doors of which face the south,=He lives in the house whose doors face the south.
二、語(yǔ)用功能。
Which定語(yǔ)從句（尤其是非限定性的）主要還是在語(yǔ)用功能上呈現(xiàn)that定語(yǔ)從句所沒(méi)有的亮點(diǎn)。
�、俦磉_(dá)主從句因果關(guān)系。
A Jew. Albert Einstein had to flee Germany. Which then was ruled by Hitler(愛(ài)因斯坦只得逃離德國(guó)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的德國(guó)是在希特勒的統(tǒng)治之下)。
NMET’99：Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancester to the Library Company,____he and his wife considered to be the best home for the diary (Cory Luxmoore（千里迢迢）從英國(guó)趕來(lái)把祖先的日記交給（費(fèi)城）圖收館公司，是因?yàn)樗推拮诱J(rèn)為該圖書(shū)館才是此日記最好的歸宿處)。
②表達(dá)主從句目的關(guān)系。
The Southern States set up a separate state of their own, in which they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves(南方各州卻反叛建立一個(gè)獨(dú)立王國(guó)，以便好繼續(xù)維持奴隸制度)。
�、郾磉_(dá)主從句讓步關(guān)系。
Einstein, who could have been very rich, cared for little money(愛(ài)因斯坦原本可以是非常富有的，但他卻不愛(ài)錢)。
He gave up his cause in which he had been very successful and joined in our project(他的事業(yè)盡管干得很出色，他還是放棄了，加入到我們的課題研究中來(lái))。
�、鼙磉_(dá)主句動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。
Many trucks and buses are jammed at the crossing, which made it impossible for us to go to work on time(許多車輛都堵在十字路口，造成我們不能準(zhǔn)時(shí)上班)。
European football is played in 80 countries, which makes it the most Popular sport in the world(歐式足球有30個(gè)國(guó)家在踢，因之成為全世界最流行的一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng))。
⑤表示主從句條件關(guān)系。
The past experience, which is not forgotten, is the guide for the future(前事不忘，可為后事之師)。
�、薇硎局鲝木鋾r(shí)間關(guān)系。
He was born on October 1,1949, which saw the foundation of the People’s Republic of China(他出身在一九四九年十月一日，恰好是中華人民共和國(guó)成立的那一天)。
�、邔�(duì)主句內(nèi)容作補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明。
Inspite of his glorious past, he has fallen into the people’s enemy at last, which is a good lesson for all of us (盡管有著輝煌的過(guò)去，他最終還是墮落為人民的敵人，這對(duì)我們大家是個(gè)很好的教訓(xùn))。
The sentence was announced on Nov. 8 following trials, which started in Sept.(審判于九月開(kāi)始。多次審判后，判刑才于十一月八日宣布)。
�、嘤糜谥鲝木鋵�(duì)比關(guān)系。
He idled away his youth which he should have spent in leaning(他的青春年華本應(yīng)用于增長(zhǎng)才干，而他卻虛度過(guò)去了)。
⑨用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的人或事物；或當(dāng)事人認(rèn)為是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的.事物。
China, which has a 5000_year_old civilization, is now taking a new
Look(已有5千年文明的中國(guó)現(xiàn)在正呈現(xiàn)新面貌)。
All the books here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him(這里所有的書(shū)都是他寫(xiě)的，里面都有精美的插畫(huà))。
�。ū容^：All the books here that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him (這里所有有著漂亮插畫(huà)書(shū)是他寫(xiě)的__這里不僅關(guān)系詞要換成that，而且還暗示著有雖的書(shū))）。
⑩表示與主句或先行詞的同位關(guān)系。
The speed of sound in air at ordinary temperature is about 1,100 feet per second, which is about 700 miles per hour(常溫下聲在空氣中的速度是大約每秒1，100英尺，即大約是小時(shí)傳播700英里遠(yuǎn)。)
可以看出，which定語(yǔ)從句不僅涵蓋that定語(yǔ)從句的功能__即純定語(yǔ)功能，而且還有that定語(yǔ)從句所不能表達(dá)語(yǔ)用領(lǐng)域___狀語(yǔ)用法。因此，只注意which定語(yǔ)從句的語(yǔ)法搭配而忽略其語(yǔ)用意義，就意味著對(duì)英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的認(rèn)識(shí)還沒(méi)有到位。
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