修飾物的定語(yǔ)從句
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修飾物的定語(yǔ)從句
在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞和代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句.
被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫做先行詞.
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有who, whose, whom, which, that, as ;
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why;
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ).
關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中做狀語(yǔ).
一.由 who, 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,who在從句中做主語(yǔ)(口語(yǔ)中也可做賓語(yǔ)),
修飾表示人的先行詞. 例如:
This is the man who helped me.
Do you know the comrade who spoke just now ?
The boy who//whom we saw yesterday is John’s brother.
二.whom引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ),修飾表示人的先行詞,
口語(yǔ)中可以省略.
The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room.
The person (whom) you just talked to is Mr. Li.
=The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (介詞后 whom不能省略)
The babies whom the nurses are looking for are very healthy.
(固定短語(yǔ)中的介詞一般不省略,介詞仍放在動(dòng)詞之后)
三.whose引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,whose在從句中作定語(yǔ),修飾表示人或物的先行詞.
Do you know the woman whose name is Mary.
Pass me the dictionary whose cover is black.
四.that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,that在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),修飾表示人或物的先行詞,
作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略,不能放在介詞后面作賓語(yǔ).
The letter (that//which) I received was from my father.
I can’t find the letter that//which came this morning.
Do you still remember the days (that//which)we spent together ?
This is the man that//who helped me.
The house (that//which) we live in is not large.
=The house in which we live is not large.
The doctor (that//whom //who)you are looking for is in the room.
五. which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,which在從句中做主語(yǔ),也可做賓語(yǔ),或介詞的賓語(yǔ),
修飾表示物的先行詞. 先行詞可以是詞、短語(yǔ)、句子.
This is the book (which/that ) you want.
The building which//that stands near the river is our school.
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.(介詞后面的which不能省略)
The house (which/that) we live in is not large.
This is the watch (which/that ) he was looking for.
(在含有介詞的動(dòng)詞固定詞組中,介詞只能放在動(dòng)詞之后,不能放在which之前 )
六、that 和which 都可以修飾表示物的先行詞, 但是下列情況只能用that.
①. 先行詞為不定冠詞all, few, little, much, everything, nothing 等.
All (that) you have to do is to practise every day.
There isn’t much (that) I can do.
�、�. 先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)所修飾時(shí).
The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten.
This is the best film (that ) I have ever seen.
③. 先行詞被all, any, every, few, little, no, some 等不定代詞修飾時(shí).
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
�、�. 先行詞被the only, the very, the last, the same 等修飾時(shí).
The white flower is the only one that I really like.
This is the very book that I want to read.
This is the same book that I want to read. (同一本書)
----This is the same book as I want to read.
⑤. 當(dāng)主句以who或 which 開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句that 引導(dǎo).
Who is the man that is standing there ?
Which of us that knows something about physics doesn’t know this ?
�、尴刃性~既有人又有物時(shí).
We talked about the persons and things that we could remember.
⑦time做先行詞,前面如果有序數(shù)詞或 last 來(lái)修飾時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句用 that 來(lái)引導(dǎo)或省略；如果沒(méi)有序數(shù)詞或 last 來(lái)修飾時(shí),既可用 when 也可用that來(lái)引導(dǎo).
This is the last time ( that ) I shall give you a lesson.
The first time ( that ) I saw him was in 1972.
It’s time ( that ) we got up.
七、as 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,
as用作關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句,在從句中作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、或狀語(yǔ),常與the same … as; such… as , so… as , as… as 連用.
I like the same book as you do.
I want to have such a dictionary as he has.
I shall do it in the same way as you did.
He is the same age as you ( are ).
He will give you such information as will help you.
Such students as you have mentioned should be criticized.
=Students such as you have mentioned should be criticized.
在the same…后也可用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但意義有所不同：
that 引出的定語(yǔ)從句,指的是與先行詞同一事物；而 as引出的定語(yǔ)從句是與先行詞相似的同類事物.
I want to use the same tool that I used yesterday.
I want to use the same tool as I used yesterday.
八、由when 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,修飾表示時(shí)間的先行詞,when為關(guān)系副詞,
做定語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ).
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
( 介詞＋which可以代替 when)
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
[I remember the days which//that we spent together.]
九、由where 引導(dǎo)的'定語(yǔ)從句,修飾表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞,where為關(guān)系副詞,
做定語(yǔ)從句的地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ).
This is the place where we lived for five years.
The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.
The factory in which his father works is in the west of the city.
( 介詞＋which可以代替where)
[ This is a place which//that I wanted to visit. ]
十、Why引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,why做原因狀語(yǔ).
I know the reason why he came late.
The reason why he was late was that he was ill.
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
1. who 指人,做主語(yǔ).
Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.
2. whom 指人, 作賓語(yǔ).
He had many friends, many of whom had been in the universities.
3. whose 指人, 作定語(yǔ).
The Chairman’s daughter, whose name is Ann, gave Tom a smile.
4. which 指物, 做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ).
His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.
The speech, which he had written on the paper, seemed endless.
5. where 指地點(diǎn), 作狀語(yǔ).
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.
6. when 指時(shí)間,作狀語(yǔ).
The meeting will be put off till next month, when we will have made all the preparations.
7. as 做主語(yǔ),表語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ); 先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞,一個(gè)短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)句子.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
As we all know, he studies very hard.
As 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句可放在主句前,也可放在主句后.在很多情況下已經(jīng)
構(gòu)成固定搭配.
As everybody can see as was usual
As can be seen as I expected
As is known to all, as may be imagined
as you know as is expected
as has been said before as is reported
as is often said as is announced
限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：
限定性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ),如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意義.這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切,寫時(shí)不用逗號(hào)分開.
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對(duì)先行詞作些附加的說(shuō)明,如果去掉,主句的意思依然清楚.這種從句和主句之間往往用逗號(hào)分開,一般不用that 引導(dǎo).
as和 which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的比較：
1. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句位于句未,而且as 和which 在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)時(shí)可互換.
He is a farmer, as/which is clear from his manner.
This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.
2.which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句一般放在句未,而as 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句可放在句未,也可放在句中、句首. 放在句首時(shí)不能用which 替換.
Crusoe lost his dog, which made him very sad
Taiwan is part of China, as/which is known to all.
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
3.as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),意為“這一點(diǎn)、這件事”,常與 see, hope,expect,know,guess等動(dòng)詞搭配；而which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)與主句有一種因果關(guān)系,可譯為“所以……”.
Cyprus, as you all know, is in the Mediterranean.
Bamboo is hollow, which makes it very light.
4. as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句并在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞大多數(shù)必須是連系動(dòng)詞.如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是行為動(dòng)詞,則必須用which.
He married her, as was natural.
She refused to take the medicine, which made her mother angry.
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