高中定語從句講義
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一 定語：修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。漢語中常用‘……的’表示。 定語主要由形容詞擔任。此外名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、介詞短語以及動詞不定式（短語）、分詞也可以做定語。
a beautiful city; a bag full of money.注意：漢語的定語無論多長都放在被修飾詞的前面，而英語中的定語則不然，是一個詞時，放在被修飾詞的前面， 若是兩個以上的詞組、短語或從句則放在被修飾詞的后面，
thirty women teachers ; his father; the girl in red. the boy from America
Our monitor is always the first student to enter the classroom.
falling leaves; fallen leaves; the boy playing basketball; the book bought by my mother; a reading room; a swimming pool
He is the man who you are looking for.
二：定義及相關(guān)術(shù)語
1．定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后。
2．先行詞：被定語從句修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞。
3．關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有when, where, why.
1. I have an apple. An apple is red.
I have an apple that/which is red. ↑ ↑
先行詞 關(guān)系代詞
2.I like some friends. Some friends like sports.
I like friends who like sports.
↑ ↑
先行詞 關(guān)系代詞
3.I like music. The music is quiet.
I like music that/which is quiet.
↑ ↑
先行詞 關(guān)系代詞
關(guān)系詞通常有下列三個作用：A、引導(dǎo)定語從句，連接主從句；B、代替先行詞；C、在定語從句中擔當一個成分。
�。ǘ╆P(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1．who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。
The boys who are playing football are from Class One. Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 2．whom 指人，在定語從句中做賓語，�？墒÷浴�
Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see. The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor.
注意：關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語或非正式文體中�？捎脀ho 來代替，也可省略。
The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.
3．Which 指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語時�？墒÷�。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys. He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. The house which is by the lake looks nice. This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 。
4．That 即可指人，也可指物.。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時常可省略。
The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.
Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.
The season that / which comes after spring is summer.
Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.
5．Whose 即可指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in. 注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
（一）限制性定語從句中只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語從句的情況
1．當先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等不定代詞時，或當先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等不定代詞修飾時。如：
Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.
All that can be done has been done. 。
There is little that I can do for you.
He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed.
注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who，如：
Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.
2．當先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3．當先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時。如：
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
4．當先行詞被the very, the only修飾時。如：
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.
注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。如：
Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.
5．當先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6．當先行詞為人與物時。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school
（三）關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1． when 指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。當先行詞是表時間的名詞，比如time, day, week, month, year等；且定語從句中缺時間狀語時用when. 若先行詞是表時間的名詞，定語從句中缺主語或賓語時，用that/which引導(dǎo)。
I still remember the day when I first came to this school.
The time when we got together finally arrived.
Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandpare？Do you remember the days（that/which） we spent together last year? I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. I will never forget the days that / which we spent together.
2． where 指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。若先行詞是表地點的名詞，比如park, city, farm, place等；且定語從句中缺地點狀語時用where. 若先行詞是表地點的`名詞，定語從句中缺主語或賓語時，用that/which引導(dǎo)。
Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . Shanghai is the city (which/that) I want to visit.
I know a place where we can have a picnic. I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
3． why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。若先行詞是reason; 且定語從句中缺原因狀語時，用why引導(dǎo)。若先行詞是reason，定語從句中缺主語或賓語，用which/that引導(dǎo)。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
I didn’t believe the reason (that/which) he explained to me
注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句經(jīng)�？梢杂谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句來表示。如：
From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.
（四）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。
The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.
The school in which he once studied is very famous.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for.
Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked. This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.
This is the boy with whom I played tennis with yesterday. We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions.
注意：１． 含有介詞的固定短語動詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)
This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤)
The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)
The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （誤）
�。玻艚樵~放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指物時只可用which，不可用that。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正) The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (誤)
３．“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：
He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 注意事項:如何判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞
方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動詞后接賓語，則要求用關(guān)系代詞。
例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯（注：先顯示題，再顯示答案，橫線；用不同的顏色表示出。）
�。ㄥe） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
�。▽Γ� This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
�。▽Γ� I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。
（五）限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句
形式上：不用逗號“，”與主句隔開。
意義上：是先行詞不可缺少的定語，如刪除，主句則失去意義或意思表達不完整。
譯法上：譯成先行詞的定語：“．．．的”
關(guān)系詞的使用上：A．作賓語時可省略 B．可用that C．可用who 代替whom
非限制性定語從句
形式上：用逗號“，”與主句隔開。
意義上：只是對先行詞的補充說明，如刪除，主句仍能表達完整的意思。
譯法上：通常譯成主句的并列句。
關(guān)系詞的使用上：A．不可省略 B．不用that C．不可用who 代替whom
限制性定語從句舉例：
The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. China is a country which has a long history.
In the street I saw a man who was from Africa.
His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.
Last summer I visited the People’s Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year.
�。ǘ╆P(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句
as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時， 其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：
1. as 和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。如：
He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她結(jié)婚了，這是很自然的事。
He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很誠實， 這一點我們看得出來。
2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如：
As is known to all, China is a developing country.
He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.
John, as you know, is a famous writer.
Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don’t believe.
注意：當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如：
Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry.
These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.
1. 當先行詞受such, so, the same 修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用as。 如：
I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.
He is not such a fool as he looks.
This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.
注意：當先行詞受the same 修飾時，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：
She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.
(三) 以the way為先行詞時，若定語從句中缺方式狀語，定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且還可以省略。若定語從句中缺主語或賓語，用（that/which）引導(dǎo)定語從句。
The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising.
I don’t like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. I don’t like the way (that/which) he told me.
做定語從句題一般分三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；第三選擇合適的關(guān)聯(lián)詞。
Exercises:
1.There are three bedrooms in the house,_____ is Mary's.
A the smallest of which B the smaller of which
C the smallest of them D the smallest one
2.The Greens will move into the new house next Monday,_____ it will be completely finished.
A by the time B by which time C by that time D by this time
3.Alice has a large collection of phone,_____ was taken in london.
A none of them B no one of which C all of which D none of which
4.With the fast development of agriculture, the people ____ village I taught before lived a happy life.
A who B whose C in whose D in which
5.There is a moutain ____ the top is always covered with snow.
A whose B of which C it's D that
6.She may have missed her train, in ____ case she won't arrive for another hour.
A what B that C which D this
7.1)I have three children,and two of _____ are doctors.
2)I have three children, two of ____ are doctors.
8.There two thousand students in our school,____ are girls.
A two-thirds in which B two-thirds in them C two-thirds of them D of whom two thirds
9.I have bought two ballpens,_____ writes well.
A neither of them B none of them C neither of which D none of which
�。�1---6ABDCBC 7----9B DDC）
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