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淺談定語從句與名詞性從句要一致

時(shí)間:2021-07-06 11:38:10 英語 我要投稿

淺談定語從句與名詞性從句要一致


  淺談定語從句與名詞性從句的主謂一致

  主謂一致就是指在英語句子中,主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)的方面應(yīng)保持一致。很多學(xué)生對于英語的主謂一致了解不深,對定語從句和

  名詞性從句的主謂一致了解得更少,因此很容易犯錯(cuò)誤。下面就對這一問題進(jìn)行探討。

  一、定語從句的主謂一致

  一般來講,定語從句中的動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。例如:

  1.I am not one who is afraid of difficulty.我是個(gè)不怕困難的人。

  2.Don't choose me,who am not qualified for this job.不要選我,我不適合做這項(xiàng)工作。

  3.Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.有問題要問的人,今天下午到我辦公室來。

  另外,關(guān)于定語從句的先行詞,one of后常接復(fù)數(shù)名詞,在非正式的英語口語中,有時(shí)甚至在一些很正規(guī)的文體中,動(dòng)詞的數(shù)不是與先行詞保持一致,而是與 one相一致,這是因?yàn)檎f話者或?qū)懽髡呤紫认氲降氖莖ne,而不是one后面真正的先行詞。例如:

  4.That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that has appeared in recent years.那本詞典是近幾年來所見到的最有價(jià)值的詞典之一。

  5.Buenos Aires is one of the world capitals thatis noted for its busy harbor.布宜諾斯艾利斯是一個(gè)以其海港的熱鬧而聞名的國家首都。

  第5句中的is不能改成are。這點(diǎn)很好理解,因?yàn)橛胊re就意味著世界上所有國家的首都都以海港熱鬧而出名,這是不符合實(shí)際的。

  當(dāng)one前面有the only等限定詞和修飾語時(shí),定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞也要與 one保持一致而取單數(shù)形式。例如:

  6.He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。

  二、名詞性從句的主謂一致

  主語是名詞性從句(常用what,whatever,when,where,why ,how,that,whether等引導(dǎo)放在句首)時(shí),動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如:

  1.What I am most interested in is American movies.我最感興趣的是美國電影。

  2.Whatever he says is of no importance.無論他說什么都不重要。

  3.Whoever says that is wrong.無論誰說這話都不對。

  4.That he will come is certain.他肯定會(huì)來。

  5.Why he is late for class is more than I can tell.為什么他上課遲到,我也說不上來。

  但在下面的句子中謂語動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,因?yàn)橹髡Z從句中的動(dòng)詞是復(fù)數(shù),所以主語從句應(yīng)當(dāng)作復(fù)數(shù)看待。例如:

  6.Who are going to attend the meeting have been decided by the manager.哪些人去參加會(huì)議,已由經(jīng)理做出了決定。

  7.Whoever say that are to be punished.誰這樣講,就懲罰誰。

  由此可見,名詞性從句作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù),不可一概而論,而要視句子的意義而定。學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)只有靈活處理,才能真正把主謂一致這個(gè)語法項(xiàng)目融會(huì)貫通。

  限制與非限制定語從句講解

  一、在句中作用不同

  限制性定語從句對被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確。限制性定語從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。

  非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對其作一些附加說明,不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語從句省去,主句的意義仍然完整。

  二、外在表現(xiàn)形式不同

  限制性定語從句因與先行詞關(guān)系密切,所以不可以用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開;而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切,所以可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。

  例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?

  你還記得教我們英語的那個(gè)女孩嗎?

  例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.

  鐘是一種能夠告訴人們時(shí)間的儀器。

  例 3. This is the place where he used to live.

  這就是他過去居住的地方。

  例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.

  張先生昨天來看我,他是我的一位朋友。

  例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.

  我們沿著村里的大街向前走去,村民們正在那里趕集。

  析:在前三個(gè)例句中,定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,為限制性定語從句,不可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。在后兩個(gè)例句中,定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不密切,為非限制性定語從句,可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開。

  三、先行詞內(nèi)容有所不同

  大多數(shù)限制性和非限制性定語從句的先行詞往往為某一個(gè)詞或短語,而特殊情況下非限制性定語從句的先行詞也可為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)非限制性定語從句常由 which 引導(dǎo)。

  例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.

  一個(gè)中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。

  析:由語境可知,令“我”恐懼的內(nèi)容應(yīng)為“中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫”這整個(gè)一件事,因此先行詞為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)應(yīng)由 which 引導(dǎo)定語從句。

  例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.

  一個(gè)五歲男孩會(huì)講兩門外語,這令所有在場的人感到非常驚訝。

  析:由語境可知,令所有在場的人感到驚訝的內(nèi)容是“一個(gè)五歲男孩會(huì)講兩門外語”這整個(gè)一件事,因此先行詞為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)應(yīng)由 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

  四、關(guān)系詞的使用情況有所不同

 。ㄒ唬 that 不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句

  所有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞均可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,大多數(shù)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,但 that 不可。

  例 1. 他送給他母親一臺(tái)彩電作為生日禮物,這使她非常高興。

  誤: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.

  正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.

  例 2. 他沒通過這次考試,令我很失望。

  誤: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.

  正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.

  值得注意的是,不少同學(xué)誤認(rèn)為只有 which 才能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是不正確的。使用非限制性定語從句時(shí),如果先行詞指人,則用 who , which 或 whose 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;先行詞指物可用 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句;先行詞表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)且在從句中作時(shí)間狀語或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí),可用 when , where 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。

  例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.

  我們將于七月份畢業(yè),到那時(shí)我們就自由了。

  例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.

  他們上周日到達(dá)南京,有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。

 。ǘ╆P(guān)系代詞替代情況不同

  關(guān)系代詞 whom 在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)不可用 who 來代替。

  例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.

  這是我在街上遇到的那個(gè)女孩。

  析:先行詞 the girl 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,可用 who 代替 whom .

  例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.

  一個(gè)年輕的小伙子新交了一個(gè)女朋友,他想給她留下深刻的印象。

  析:先行詞 a new girl friend 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,不可用 who 代替 whom .

  在限制性定語從句中,先行詞指人時(shí)可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定語從句中先行詞指人時(shí),不可用 that 代替 who/whom .

  例:她有一個(gè)姐姐,她是教師。

  誤: She has a sister, that is a teacher.

  正: She has a sister, who is teacher.

 。ㄈ╆P(guān)系代詞省略情況不同

  關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語時(shí)可以省去,非限制性定語從句的所有關(guān)系詞均不可省。

  例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.

  這就是他昨天丟的那本書。

  析:先行詞 the book 在限制性定語從句中作賓語,關(guān)系代詞 which 或 that 可以省略。

  例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.

  他昨天丟了這本書,但現(xiàn)在已找到了。

  析:先行詞 the book 在非限制性定語從句中作賓語,關(guān)系代詞 which 不可省。

  [實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練]

  1. She heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.

  A. it B. which C. this D. that

  2. Have you ever been to Xi'an, _________ I left ten years ago.

  A. which B. whose C. that D. /

  3. The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.

  A. what B. which C. that D. it

  4. His English, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.

  A. which B. that C. it D . whom

  5. Some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes o

  ur journey more difficult.

  A. that B. it C. which D. who

  6. I'll find a nice girl, _________ I want to marry.

  A. who B. whom C. that D. which

  7. I'll come at ten, ________ I'll be free.

  A. which B. that C. when D. what

  8. She has two brothers, _________ are teachers.

  A. who B. that C. whom D. /

  9. Which answer is NOT true?

  This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.

  A. that B. which C. / D. where

  10. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.

  A. when B. what C. that D. during

  Key:

  1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C

  6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C

  薄冰英語語法 第十六章 句子的類型(8-9)

  16.8 定語從句

  用作定語的從句叫做定語從句(attributive clause)。定語從句通常皆置于它所修飾的名詞(或代詞)之后,這種名詞(或代詞)叫做先行詞(antecedent)。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等;關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中只用作狀語。如:

  (1)The student who answered the question was John. 回答問題的那個(gè)學(xué)生是約翰。(who answered the question是關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾who先行詞student,who在從句中用作主語)

 。2)I know the reason why he was so angry. 我知道他這么生氣的原由。(why he was so angry是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句,用以修飾why的先行詞reason,why在從句中用作原因狀語)

  定語從句一般緊跟其先行詞之后。如:

 。3)The room which served for studio was bare and dusty. 這個(gè)用作工作室的房間空蕩蕩的,布滿灰塵。(關(guān)系代詞which引導(dǎo)的定語從句緊跟其先行詞room之后)

  有時(shí)亦可與先行詞分離。如:

  (4)A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要來一位新教師教你們德語了。(關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句與其先行詞master分離)

  1)用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞的關(guān)系代詞有who,whom,whose,that,which等。who,whom,whose指人,who是主格,在從句中用作主語(在非正式英語中亦可用作賓語);whom是賓格,在從句中用作賓語;whose是屬格,在從句中用作定語(有時(shí)亦可指物)。如:

 。5)The man who was here yesterday is a painter. 昨天在這里的那個(gè)人是位畫家。(主格關(guān)系代詞who在從句中用作主語)

  (6)The man who I saw is called Smith. 我見到的那個(gè)人名叫史密斯。(在非正式英語中who 代替了whom,亦可省去不用)

 。7)I know the man whom you mean. 我認(rèn)識(shí)你指的那個(gè)人。(賓語關(guān)系代詞whom在從句中用作賓語)

 。8)A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 失去父母的孩子叫做孤兒。(屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中用作定語,指人)

 。9)I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一個(gè)窗戶面臨大海的房間。(屬格關(guān)系代詞whose在從句中用作定語,指room,可代之以of which,但后者較為正式)

  that在從句中既可用作主語,亦可用作賓語(在非正式文體中可省去);既可指人,亦可指物,介在當(dāng)代英語中多指物。如:

 。10)A letter that is written in pencil is difficult to read. 用鉛筆寫的信很難讀。(關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作主語,指物)

 。11)The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important. 昨天他來的信很重要。(關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作賓語,指物)

  (12)Is he the man that sells eggs? 他是賣雞蛋的那個(gè)人嗎?(關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作主語,指人)

  (13)This is the book which has been retranslated into many languages. 這就是那本有多種譯本的'書。(關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作主語)

 。14)Where is the book which I bought this morning? 今天上午我買的那本書在哪兒?(關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作賓語,可省去)

  which在從句中亦可用作定語和表語。如:

 。15)We told him to consult the doctor, which advice he took. 我們叫他去看醫(yī)生,他聽取了我們的勸告。(關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作定語)

  (16)The two policemen were completely trusted, which in fact, they were. 那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任,事實(shí)上真是如此。(關(guān)系代詞which在從句中用作表語)

  as,than,but亦可用作關(guān)系代詞。如:

 。17)The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. 兩兄弟對這個(gè)決定都滿意,它事先已經(jīng)他們同意了。(關(guān)系代詞as在從句中用作主語,其先行詞是this decision)

 。18)He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. 他是個(gè)外國人,我是從他的口音知道的。(關(guān)系代詞as在從句中用作賓語,其先行詞是前面的整個(gè)句子)

 。19)I never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過他講的這類故事。(關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞such連用,在從句中用作賓語,其先行詞是such stories)

  (20)Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. 她對他的態(tài)度同她慣常的態(tài)度完全一樣。(關(guān)系代詞as與指示代詞same連用,在從句中用作表語,其先行詞是same)

 。21)You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的錢超過了預(yù)定的數(shù)額。(關(guān)系代詞than在從句中用作主語,其先行詞是money)

 。22)There are very few but admire his talents. 很少人不贊賞他的才干的。(關(guān)系代詞but在從句中用作主語,其先行詞是few,but=who don’t)

  關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作介詞賓語時(shí),介詞既可置于從句之首,亦可置于從句之末。但以置于從句之首較為正式。如:

 。23)This is the book for which you asked. 這是你所要的書。(關(guān)系代詞用作介詞for賓語,之首,即which之前)

 。24)This is the book which you asked for. 這是你所要的書。(介詞for置于從句之末,which在此可省去)

  關(guān)系代詞who和that用作介詞賓語時(shí),介詞須置于句末。如:

 。25)The people you were talking to are Swedes. 你與之談話的那些人是瑞典人。(關(guān)系代詞主格who用作介詞to賓語時(shí),介詞to須置于從句之末,who中口語中可省去)

 。26)Here is the car that I told you about. 這兒就是我和你談過的那輛汽車。(關(guān)系代詞that用作介詞about賓語,介詞about須置于從句之末)

  有時(shí)從句還有其它成分,介詞則置于從句之中。如:

  (27)This is the boy who he worked with in the office. 那就是與他一道辦公的那個(gè)男孩。

  先行詞指人時(shí),關(guān)系代詞既可用who,亦可用that。但關(guān)系代詞在從句之中用作主語時(shí),多用主格who。如:

 。28)Persons who are quarrelsome are despised. 好爭吵者遭輕視。(除外persons,還有people,those,等皆多用who)

  (29)All who heard the story were amazed. 聽到這個(gè)故事的人都感到吃驚。(代詞如he,they,any,all,one等之后多用who)

 。30)I will pardon him who is honest. 我愿意寬恕他,他是誠實(shí)的。(描述性定語從句用who)

 。31)I think it is you who should prove to me. 我認(rèn)為是你應(yīng)該向我提出證據(jù)。(在強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中多用who,who在此可省去)

  (32)Who is not for us is against us. 誰不贊成我們就是反對我們。(縮合連接代詞who為可代之以that)

  在下列一些情況中則多用that。如:

 。33)He was the man that the bottle fell on. 他就是瓶子落在其身上的那個(gè)人。(此處常用that作賓語指人,亦可用whom)

 。34)He is a man that is never at a loss. 他是一個(gè)從未一籌莫展的人。(that常用于泛指人)

  (35)He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 我望著塞滿車的孩子和包裹。(兼指人與物時(shí)須用that)

 。36)Who that you have ever seen can beat him in chess? 你曾見過誰能在棋藝上打敗他?(避免與先行詞who重復(fù)時(shí)應(yīng)用that)

  (37)That’s the same man that asked for help the day before yesterday. 這個(gè)與前天求援的是同一個(gè)人。(先行詞前有指示代詞same時(shí)應(yīng)用that)

 。38)He is not that man that he was. 他已不是過去的他了。(that常用作表語)

 。39)I knew her father for the simplest, hardest working man that ever drew the breath of life. 我早知她的父親是一個(gè)世上最簡樸最努力工作的人。(先行詞前有形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或only等詞時(shí)應(yīng)用that)

  先行詞指物時(shí),關(guān)系代詞that與which往往可以互換。但在下列情況中多用that。如:

  (40)All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的東西不都是金子。(不定代詞包括復(fù)合詞something等多后接that)

  (41)It was the largest map that I ever saw. 那是我所看見過的最大的地圖。(前有形容詞最高級等的先行詞之后多用that)

 。42)It was liberation that brought about a complete change in his life. 是解放給他的生活帶來了徹底的改變。(強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)用that)

 。43)There is a house that has bay windows. 有一棟房子有凸出的窗戶。(that在此表固有的特點(diǎn))

 。44)The distance that you are from home is immaterial. 你離家的距離是不足道的。(在限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞用作表語應(yīng)用that,在描述性定語從句中則應(yīng)用which)

 。45)Which was the hotel that was recommended to you? 哪一個(gè)是推薦給你的旅館?(這里用that顯然是為了避免重復(fù)which)

  在下列情況中則多用which。如:

 。46)Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book. 拉里把我在書本開關(guān)敘述過的那個(gè)關(guān)于一個(gè)青年飛行員的故事講給她聽。(離先行詞較遠(yuǎn)時(shí)常用which)

 。47)A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. 商店應(yīng)存在最暢銷的貨物。(“those+復(fù)形名詞”之后多用which)

 。48)I have that which you gave me. 我有你給我的那個(gè)。(which比較正式,在非正式英語中也可用that)

 。49)Beijing, which was China’s capital for more than 800 years, is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京曾是八百多年的中國首都,有很豐富的歷史文物。(描述性定語從句一般皆用which)

  (50)This is the one of which I’m speaking. 這就是我所講的那個(gè)。(介詞之后須用which)

  2)用作關(guān)聯(lián)詞的關(guān)系副詞有when,where,why等。when在從句中用作時(shí)間狀語,其先行詞須是表時(shí)間的名詞。如:

 。51)We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我們打算把野餐推遲到下周,那時(shí)天氣可能轉(zhuǎn)好。(關(guān)系副詞when的先行詞是next week)

 。52)He came last night when I was out. 他昨晚來時(shí)我出去了。(關(guān)系副詞when的先行詞是last night)

  since,before,after亦可用作表時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞。如:

 。53)Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable. 我來之后的每一個(gè)小時(shí)都是非常好玩的。(since用作關(guān)系副詞)

 。54)On the day before we left home there came a snowstorm. 在我們離家的前一天,下了一場暴風(fēng)雪。(before用作關(guān)系副詞)

 。55)The year after she had finished college she spent abroad. 她大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的一年是在國外度過的。(after用作關(guān)系副詞)

  that有時(shí)亦可用作表時(shí)間的關(guān)系副詞。如:

 。56)It happened on the day that I was born. 那件事是在我出生的那一天發(fā)生的。(that=when)

  where在從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語,其先行詞須是表地點(diǎn)的名詞。如:

 。57)They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw Ibsen’s “The Doll’s house”. 他們?nèi)セ始覄≡嚎戳艘撞飞摹犊芗彝ァ?/p>

 。58)The place where Macbeth met the witches was a desolate heath. 麥克白遇見女巫的地方是一片荒原。

  where的先行詞亦可是有地點(diǎn)含義的抽象名詞。如:

 。59)He has reached the point where a change is needed. 他已到了需要改弦易轍的地步。(where的先行詞point是抽象名詞)

  why在從句中用作原因狀語,其先行詞只有reason。如:

 。60)That is no reason why you should leave. 那不是你必須離開的原因。(why先行詞是reason)

 。61)He refused to disclose the reason why he did it. 他拒絕透露他做那件事的原因。(why先行詞是reason)

  有時(shí)why可以省去。如:

 。62)That’s one of the reasons I asked you to come. 那是我要你來的原因之一。(reasons后省去why)

  有時(shí)why可用that代替。如:

 。63)The reason that he died was lack of medical care. 他死于缺乏醫(yī)療。(why由that代替)

  3)定語從句可分為限制性定語從句與描述性定語從句。限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,對它有限制作用。因此不可缺少,否則會(huì)影響全句的意義。限制性定語從句前一般不用逗號(hào)。如:

 。64)What is the name of the boy who brought us the letter? 給我們帶信的那個(gè)男孩叫什么名字?

 。65)There is much which will be unpleasing to the English reader. 有許多東西將會(huì)使英國讀者不愉快。

  (66)The teacher told us that Tom was the only person that was reliable. 老師告訴我們,湯姆是惟一可依賴的人。

 。67)I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我們在公園相見的那一天。

 。68)Is there a shop around where we can get fruit? 附近有可以買到水果的商店嗎?

 。69)Do you know the reason why I came late? 你知道我遲到的原故嗎?

  描述性定語從句又稱作非限制性定語從句(non-restrictive)。描述性定語從句只與先行詞有一種松散的修飾關(guān)系,在口語中用停頓的方法表示,在書面語中用逗號(hào)分開。因此從句中的關(guān)系代詞不能省略。that一般不引導(dǎo)描述性定語從句。如:

  (70)I like to chat with John, who is a clever fellow. 我喜歡與約翰交談,他是個(gè)聰明人。

 。71)Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一種清澈的液體,有許多用途。

 。72)Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years. 我又一次來到了波士頓,我有十年沒有到這里來了。

  描述性定語從句形式上是從句,其功能實(shí)質(zhì)上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)分句。如:

 。73)Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后來他遇到瑪麗,瑪麗邀請他去參加晚會(huì)。(who實(shí)際上=and she)

 。74)When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics. 他17歲時(shí),到瑞士蘇黎世一?茖W(xué)校上學(xué),他在那里學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)和物理學(xué)。(where=and there)

  有時(shí)描述性定語從句的含義相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句。如:

 。75)We don’t like the room, which is cold. 我們不喜歡那個(gè)房間,它很冷。(which is cold=since it is cold)

 。76)He said he was busy, which was untrue. 他說他很忙,其實(shí)不然。(which was untrue=though it was untrue)

 。77)I want him, who knows some English. 我要他,他懂得些英語。(who knows some English=for he knows some English)

  16.9 同位語從句

  用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句(appositive clause)。同位語從句其形式與定語從句相似。二者之前都有先行詞,但與先行詞的關(guān)系不同:同位語從句與先行詞同位或等同,定語從句則與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系。同位語從句的先行詞多為fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等,關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用連詞that。如:

 。1)They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick. 對你生病這件事,他們都很焦慮。(先行詞是fact)

  (2)Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪兒聽說我不能來?(先行詞是idea)

 。3)Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德國已對俄國宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來了。

 。4)“There is a real danger that Oxford will not retain its world position,” said Dr Brian Smith. “現(xiàn)在牛津大學(xué)有保不住它的世界地位的實(shí)際危險(xiǎn),”布萊恩?史密斯博士說。(先行詞是danger)

  關(guān)聯(lián)詞that在非正式文體中可省去。如:

 。5)He grabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱,給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。(同位語從句he was boarding the Tokyo plane省去了關(guān)聯(lián)詞that)

  同位語從句偶爾由連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如:

  (6)He was again tortured by the doubt whether or not he might venture to meet Antonia at the station. 他再次為他是否可冒味去車站接安東尼婭這種疑慮所折磨。

  疑問代詞who,which,what和疑問副詞where,when,why,how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。如:

 。7)The question who should do the work requires consideration. 誰該干這項(xiàng)工作,這個(gè)問題需要考慮。(疑問代詞who引導(dǎo)同位語從句)

 。8)We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪兒去度假,這個(gè)問題我們還沒有決定。(疑問副詞where引導(dǎo)同位語從句)

 。9)It is a question how he did it. 那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。(疑問副詞how引導(dǎo)同位語從句)

  同位語從句一般緊跟其先行詞之后,但有時(shí)亦可與先行詞分開,置于句末。如:

  (10)The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule be adopted. 采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出來的。

  英語定語從句的注意點(diǎn)有哪些

  英語定語從句的注意點(diǎn)有哪些?

  在英文中,有兩種定語從句:限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句。這兩種定語從句在其功能和形式方面都有明顯的區(qū)別:

  限定性定語從句限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系很緊奏,對其先行詞起限定、修飾的作用。如果將其去掉,會(huì)影響句子意思的完整性;有時(shí)甚至于引起費(fèi)解、誤解。例如:

  Rainforests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the economic growth of the nationsin which they are located .

  為了加速他們各自所在國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,熱帶雨林作為有價(jià)值的原木和其他資源正為人們所砍伐。

  Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.

  洋流影響其流經(jīng)的附近地區(qū)的氣候。

  They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.

  他們向我們解釋為什么他們不喜歡我們的原因。

  非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句在形式上就與主句很松散,它與主句之間有一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)","隔開;它對其先行詞沒有限定、修飾的作用,只起補(bǔ)充、說明的作用。有時(shí)也用它來對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。即使將其去掉,也不會(huì)影響句子意思。由于上述原因,非限定性定語從句在表達(dá)意思方面也有別于限定性定語從句。另外,非限定性定語從句在中文譯文里,我們往往將其作為一個(gè)分句處理,而不把它作定語翻譯。 例如:Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .

  (此句中,非限定性定語從句是對先行詞a sphere進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。)

  更早之前,巴比倫人曾試圖繪制世界地圖,但是他們把它繪制成平盤狀而不是托勒密所采用的球體狀。

  The combination of satellites, which transmit information , computers , which store information , and television , which displays information , will change every home into an education and entertainment center .

 。ù司渲,三個(gè)非限定性定語從句分別對三個(gè)先行詞:satellites ,computers和television進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。如果去掉這三個(gè)非限定性定語從句,那么句子可簡化為:

  The combination of satellites , computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment center .)衛(wèi)星能傳輸信息,計(jì)算機(jī)能儲(chǔ)存信息,電視能顯示信息,把這些手段結(jié)合起來可以使每個(gè)家庭都成為教育娛樂的中心。

  The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for plants to grow .(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對全句進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明,將全句表達(dá)的意思看成"一件事情)。太陽給予大地?zé),這就使植物的生長成為可能。

  The old man has a son , who is in the army .(此句中,非限定性定語從句是對先行詞son進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充、說明。但本句所傳達(dá)的信息是:"這位老人只有一個(gè)兒子" 。如果將此句改寫成限定性定語從句:

  The old man has a son who is in the army . 那位老人有一個(gè)在部隊(duì)工作的兒子。那么,限定性定語從句就要對先行詞son進(jìn)行限定、修飾。這樣一來,句子所傳達(dá)的信息就變成了:"這位老人有一個(gè)兒子在部隊(duì)工作,還有其他的兒子在干別的工作"。)那位老人有一個(gè)兒子,他在部隊(duì)工作。

  限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別

  a) 非限定性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切,朗讀時(shí)先行詞部分一般用降調(diào)并稍做

  停頓,書寫的時(shí)候多半用逗號(hào)分開。

  b) 非限定性定語從句能夠修飾整個(gè)句子,限定性定語從句則不能。

  c) 非限定性定語從句與限定性定語從句的含義不一樣,限定性定語從句是確指,而非

  限定性定語從句是泛指。

  d) 先行詞為專有名詞或者具有特指對象的名詞時(shí),一般要用到非限制性定語從句。

  e) 在非限定性定語從句中,現(xiàn)行詞指人的時(shí)候,關(guān)系代詞只能是who,whom,不能用

  that;先行詞指物的時(shí)候,關(guān)系代詞只能用which, 不能用that。

  定語從句中關(guān)系詞的確定

  定語從句中關(guān)系詞的確定

  關(guān)于定語從句的選擇方法,我給它起個(gè)名字叫: 代入法.

  我們首先要明確幾點(diǎn):

  1)定語從句的定義和形式:定語從句是一個(gè)句子對一個(gè)名詞或代詞起限定或補(bǔ)充說明的句子. 我們把限定名詞或代詞,使其語意范圍縮小的定語從句叫限制性定語從句.

  如:The student who lost his book yesterday cried. 丟書的那個(gè)學(xué)生,這樣句子who lost his book yesterday就把學(xué)生的范圍限定了一下,具體到了某一個(gè)學(xué)生.我們把都前面名詞和代詞起補(bǔ)充說明的定語從句叫非限制性定語從句.

  如 : Jack, who lost his book yesterday,cried.這里的從句并沒有把限定到哪個(gè)Jack , 只是附加說明了有關(guān)Jack的一件事情.

  2) 我們必須清楚的是定語從句和先行詞語意是有關(guān)聯(lián)的,也就是說定語從句是說和先行詞有關(guān)系的一句話. 形式上怎么關(guān)聯(lián)呢? 先行詞必須,一定要作從句里面一成分. 明了這一點(diǎn),我們就用代入法了.

  選擇關(guān)系詞,第一要嘗試把先行詞放入到從句中.這時(shí)有三種可能.

  一是先行詞充當(dāng)從句的主要成分即:主語,賓語或者表語.

  二是先行詞充當(dāng)狀語.

  三是充當(dāng)定語.

  有同學(xué)說 老師啊,我句子成分好象分不清哦. 還有一部分這樣的同學(xué).如果這樣,你找從句中的動(dòng)詞和介詞能找到嗎?如果能也可以. 也就是找到動(dòng)詞 , 嘗試把先行詞放到動(dòng)詞的前面或者后面,或者介詞的后面,可以放入的話,就是能做主,賓,表了. 這時(shí)我們可以確定這里需要一個(gè)代詞了.因?yàn)榇~可以做主賓表的. 定語從句和單句不同的是,它要求用的是關(guān)系代詞,不是人稱代詞.所以我們要用關(guān)系代詞.用哪個(gè)啊,關(guān)系代詞代替的是先行詞,所以要看先行詞是哪個(gè)來確定了. 這里分兩類:

  一是先行詞是人,那我們用who, whom, that .這里注意的whom 是who 的賓格形式,即放動(dòng)詞介詞后作賓語可以用whom.但是在現(xiàn)代英語和口語中有who 代替whom. That,可以代替who,也可以代替whom. 另外在先行詞在從句中作賓語時(shí),可以省掉關(guān)系詞.

  例如: The person who/that visited him is his brother.

  The person (who/whom/that) he visited is his brother.

  二是先行詞是物( 不是人),可以作從句的主賓表的話,我們用的關(guān)系代詞是which 或者that.一般都可以的.

  例如: The factory (that/which )he visited is very big.

  The factory which/ that produces toys here is very big.

  但定語從句中有些限制情況,只用that ,只用which, 和只用who , 只用whom 的情況都有,這需要特別注意一下了.

  如果先行詞放入從句中不能放在動(dòng)詞的前后,或介詞的后面,即從句不需要主賓表,這時(shí)我們就用先行詞作從句中的狀語了. 這時(shí)考慮,副詞和介詞短語可以作狀語的.但定語從句中要用的是關(guān)系副詞, 和介詞+關(guān)系代詞. 到底用哪個(gè)? 還要看先行詞定了. 先行詞是時(shí)間,我們會(huì)用到when ,是地點(diǎn)會(huì)用到where, 是reason ,我們用why , 是way,我們用that( that在way 后充當(dāng)了關(guān)系副詞) 因?yàn)榻樵~短語可以和副詞一樣作狀語的,所以這些關(guān)系副詞都有介詞+關(guān)系代詞替換的情況了.

  例如: The year when/ in which he studied abroad was 1997.

  The factory wherein which he works is big.

  The farm where/ on which he works is big.

  I don’t accept the reason why / for which he was late.

  You can do it in the way (that / in which I did.)

  具體選用哪個(gè)介詞,要看介詞的搭配了, 所以我們平時(shí)注意關(guān)注介詞的搭配很重要的.

  如果先行詞充當(dāng)從句中一個(gè)名詞的定語,無論先行詞是人還是物,我們一律用whose.

  如: The student whose book is lost is crying.

  The book whose cover is lost is mine.

  The student whose book I borrowed yesterday hasn't come.

  這里注意可以看成whose + 名詞 一起引導(dǎo)了定語從句. whose 表達(dá)的意思是:先行詞的. whose 就相當(dāng)于一個(gè)物主代詞使用.因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)所有除了物主代詞也可以用of 所有格,所以whose +名詞,可以替代為the+名詞+ of which/ who 的形式. 上面句子可以改為:The student of whom the book/ the book of whom is lost is crying.The book of which the cover / the cover of which is lost is mine. 注意名詞可以放到of which, of whom 的前面也可以后面.

  關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

  虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略,再把were, should或had 移到從句句首,實(shí)行倒裝。

  Were they here now, they could help us.

  =If they were here now, they could help us.

  Had you come earlier, you would have met him

  =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

  Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

  =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

  注意:

  在虛擬語氣的從句中,動(dòng)詞'be'的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were",不用was, 即在從句中be用were代替。

  If I were you, I would go to look for him.

  如果我是你,就會(huì)去找他。

  If he were here, everything would be all right.

  如果他在這兒,一切都會(huì)好的。

  典型例題

  _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

  A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I

  答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞,通常將if省略,主語提前, 變成 were,

  should, had +主語的形式。但要注意,在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)

  詞的縮略形式。如我們可說 Were I not to do., 而不能說 Weren't I to do.

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