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初中英語語法知識歸納

時間:2024-04-03 10:04:56 文圣 英語 我要投稿
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初中英語必備語法知識歸納

  英語是按照分布面積而言最流行的語言,但母語者數(shù)量是世界第三,僅次于漢語、西班牙語。下面小編為大家?guī)沓踔杏⒄Z必備語法知識歸納,希望大家喜歡!

初中英語必備語法知識歸納

  冠詞 a / an 的用法

  a用于輔音音素前 a useful book, a university

  an則用于元音音素前 an hour, an honest boy , an “A E F H I L M N O R S X”

  定冠詞the的用法:

  1)特指雙方都明白的人或物: Give me the book.

  2)上文提到過的人或事: ---Do you know the lady in blue? –Yes, she is a teacher of a university.

  3)指世上獨一物二的事物the sun ( sky / moon/ earth/ world/ nature/ universe )

  4)單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物,如:the dollar 美元; The lion is a wild animal.或與形容詞或分詞連用,表示一類人:the rich /poor/ blind/ aged / living / impossible

  5)用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級,及形容詞only,very, same等前面:I live on the second floor.

  6)用在表示身體部位的名詞前: She caught me by the arm.

  7)用在表示樂器和表方位的名詞之前:  She plays the piano violin guitar in the north of China

  8)用在普通名詞構(gòu)成專有名詞前: the Peoples Republic of China  the United States the Great Wall the Summer Palace

  9) 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前,表示一家人:the Greens are playing the piano.

  10) in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), in the middle (of), in the end, all the time at the same time on the whole, by the way, go to the cinema at he age of six at the beginning of the twenty-first century on the other side of at the moment the day after tomorrow  the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain

  不用定冠詞的情況

  1) 國名,人名前通常不用定冠詞:China , Europe 歐洲 Lei Feng 雷鋒

  2)物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞表示一般概念時,通常不加冠詞;當(dāng)表示特定的意思時,需要加定冠詞Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。

  3)在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、 假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前,不加冠詞; Children’s Day Mother’s Day Father’s Day

  4)在稱呼或表示官銜,職位的名詞前不加冠詞; He is captain of the team.

  5)在三餐、四季,球類運動、學(xué)科、娛樂運動的名稱前,不加冠詞 如:have breakfast /supper / lunch,play basketball / football / volleyball / chess , in spring/summer/ autumn/ winter

  被動語態(tài)的基本時態(tài)變化

  被動語態(tài)通常為十種時態(tài)的被動形式, 被動語態(tài)由be+過去分詞構(gòu)成,be隨時態(tài)的變化而變化。以do為例,各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)形式為:

  1) am/is/are +done (過去分詞) 一般現(xiàn)在時

  例:Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.

  2) has /have been done 現(xiàn)在完成時

  例:All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.

  3) am/is /are being done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時

  例:A new cinema is being built here.

  4) was/were done 一般過去時

  例:I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.

  5) had been done 過去完成時

  例: By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.

  6) was/were being done 過去進(jìn)行時

  例:A meeting was being held when I was there.

  7) shall/will be done 一般將來時

  例:Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.

  8) should/would be done 過去將來時

  例:The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.

  9) shall/will have been done 將來完成時(少用)

  例:The project will have been completed before July.

  被動語態(tài)的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)形式

  1)帶情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)。其形式為:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。

  例:The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.

  2) 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語,在用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一賓語仍然保留在謂語后面。通常變?yōu)橹髡Z的是間接賓語。

  例:His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改為 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.

  3) 當(dāng)“動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,將賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語,其余不動。

  例:Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改為The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.

  4)在使役動詞have, make, get以及感官動詞see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作賓語補語時,在主動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式to要省略,但變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時,要加to。

  例:Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改為A stranger was seen to walk into the building.

  5) 有些相當(dāng)于及物動詞的動詞詞組,如“動詞+介詞”,“動詞+副詞”等,也可以用于被動結(jié)構(gòu),但要把它們看作一個整體,不能分開。其中的介詞或副詞也不能省略。

  例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

  構(gòu)詞法

  英語構(gòu)詞法主要有:合成法、派生法和轉(zhuǎn)換法。

  1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

  2、派生法:

  (1)派生名詞:①動詞+er/or ②動詞+ing ③動詞+(t)ion ④形容詞+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

  (2)派生形容詞:①名詞+y ②名詞+ful ③動詞+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩國名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, following, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

  (3)派生副詞:①形容詞+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly

  3、轉(zhuǎn)換法:

  (1)形容詞→動詞,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干凈的)→clean(打掃,弄干凈),等等。

  (2)動詞→名詞,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

  (3)名詞→動詞,如:hand(手)→(傳遞),face(臉)→(面對)等等。

  (4)形容詞→副詞,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。

  (5)副詞→連詞,如:when(什么時候)→(當(dāng)……時候),等等。

  (6)介詞→副詞,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(進(jìn)行,繼續(xù))

  代詞:

  1、代詞的分類:英語中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。

  2、人稱代詞:人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。

  現(xiàn)在分詞

  1. 形式:及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞有四種形式,即主動語態(tài)的一般式和完成式,被動語態(tài)的一般式和完成式。不及物動詞只有前兩種形式,它沒有被動語態(tài)。

  2. 用法

  (1)作定語 The pot is full of boiling water. 壺里裝滿了沸騰的水。 Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? 你認(rèn)識躺在大樹底下的那個男孩嗎? 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時,表示所修飾人或物的動作;而動名詞作定語時,則表示這個東西是具有某種用途的。 現(xiàn)在分詞 動名詞 waiting car 等待著的汽車 waiting room 候車室 working people 勞動人民 working method 工作方法 sleeping child 睡著的小孩 sleeping car臥車

  (2)作賓語補足語 We found the story very interesting. 我們覺得這個故事很有趣。 I heard somebody breaking the windows. 我聽到有人打破了窗戶。

  (3)作表語 The news is very exciting. 這條消息很激動人心。 The story is very moving. 這個故事很感人。

  (4)作狀語 They came home smiling and singing.他們笑著、唱著回了家。 Being ill, she had to stay at home.因為病了,她只好呆在家里

  動詞的種類

  動詞是表示動作或狀態(tài)的詞,按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動詞,連系動詞,助動詞和情態(tài)動詞。

  1.行為動詞

  行為動詞可分為及物動詞 (vt)和不及物動詞(vi),及物動詞表示動作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨作謂語,后跟賓語;不及物動詞表示動作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨作謂語,但后面不能直接跟賓語,如要帶賓語則與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語。

  如:

  More and more people study English.(vt)

  The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)

  2.連系動詞

  連系動詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。常用的連系動詞有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。

  如:

  Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.

  It feels damp.

  3.助動詞

  助動詞本身無詞義,不能單獨作謂語,只能和主要動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語動詞,表示否定,疑問及動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語法特征,助動詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。

  如:

  How do you usually come to school?

  The children are playing yo-yo now.

  4.情態(tài)動詞

  情態(tài)動詞本身有一定的意義,但不能獨立作謂語,只能和主要動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。

  如:

  Can I help you?

  - Must we go now? -No, you neednt .

  a. can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和過去時,指本身有能力的"能";be able to用于各種時態(tài)均可,指須經(jīng)過努力而"能"。

  b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認(rèn)為"必須",只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般將來時;have/has to表示客觀需要,意為"不得不",它可用于各種時態(tài)。

  c.need和dare既可作情態(tài)動詞也可作行為動詞。

  以上對動詞的種類知識的內(nèi)容講解學(xué)習(xí),相信同學(xué)們已經(jīng)能很好的掌握了吧,希望同學(xué)們在考試中取得很好的成績。

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