GRE閱讀題選項(xiàng)的原則是什么
如果說(shuō)Verbal Section是中國(guó)考生的噩夢(mèng)，GRE閱讀便是噩夢(mèng)中噩夢(mèng)。原因是中國(guó)學(xué)生由于長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)在英語(yǔ)閱讀理解的訓(xùn)練上一直強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯的理解和文本的翻譯。所謂的重翻譯，輕思維。此種訓(xùn)練理念與與ETS的要求相去甚遠(yuǎn)。其實(shí)，GRE閱讀是借助閱讀考察申請(qǐng)者的邏輯思維和解決問(wèn)題的能力。另外，中國(guó)考生對(duì)于GRE閱讀考試中的文章特點(diǎn)和選項(xiàng)編制的原則了解甚微，也導(dǎo)致備考中存在較大的盲目性以及考試中表現(xiàn)不佳。
通過(guò)對(duì)GRE閱讀的深入分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn)ETS使用了以下原則來(lái)編制選項(xiàng)：
1. 正確選項(xiàng)：
(1)同義變換 。即將原文中的某一句話用另一種說(shuō)法表達(dá)，也就是英文中的paraphrase。如將文章中的"many wind-pollinated species fail to release pollen when wind speeds are low or when humid conditions prevail.換成選項(xiàng)中的Pollen is sometimes not released by plants when there is little wind"。
其中包括三種類型：變換同義詞，變換句型，變化同根詞的詞性。以下分別論述，請(qǐng)注意表格中的斜體字。
2.錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：
對(duì)于GRE閱讀文章中更大量的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，ETS也形成了一套固定的規(guī)則。以下筆者就用實(shí)例來(lái)說(shuō)明錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)編制的規(guī)則：
(1)混偏反無(wú)。
1)混： 此類選項(xiàng)的錯(cuò)誤可以形象地概括為：張冠李戴。 如下例：
文章："...unlike large businesses， they often need to make substantial investments in new plants， staff， equipment， and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If， thereafter， their subcontracts are for some reason reduced， such firms can face potentially crippling fixed expenses"
題目：The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to
(A) experience frustration but not serious financial harm
(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses (本題問(wèn)大公司如果沒(méi)有使投標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)化為訂單將引起什么結(jié)果。而這恰恰是小公司的特點(diǎn)。)
(C) have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government
(D) increase its spending with minority subcontractors
(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal contracts and subcontracts
2)偏： 意即選項(xiàng)中所包含的邏輯范疇與原文不符。包括以偏概全 以及以全概偏。請(qǐng)看下文：
Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl， Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors， Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks， she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a Black community. But Marshall extended the analysis of Black female characters begun by Hurston and Brooks by depicting her heroine’s development in terms of the relationship between her Barbadian American parents， and by exploring how male and female roles were defined by their immigrant culture， which in turn was influenced by the materialism of White America. By placing characters within a wider cultural context， Marshall attacked racial and sexual stereotypes and paved the way for explorations of race， class， and gender in the novels of the 1970’s.
題目：The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) comparing the works of three Black American authors
(B) describing common themes in Black American literature
(C) discussing an important work in Black American literature
(D) providing insights about Black American literature in the early twentieth century
(E) providing historical information about the writing of Black American novels in the second half the twentieth century
分析：此文描述并評(píng)價(jià)了美國(guó)黑人文學(xué)史上一部?jī)?yōu)秀的著作。而其中的D，E選項(xiàng)中的Black American literature以及the writing of Black American novels無(wú)疑擴(kuò)大了原文的邏輯涵蓋的范圍，即屬于以全概偏。于是不予選擇。
3)反： 即選項(xiàng)中的內(nèi)容與文章內(nèi)容相反。
文章：....Paule Marshall’s Brown Girl， Brownstones (1959) was a landmark in the depiction of female characters in Black American literature. Marshall avoided the oppressed and tragic heroine in conflict with White society that had been typical of the protest novels of the early twentieth century. Like her immediate predecessors， Zora Neale Hurston and Gwendolyn Brooks， she focused her novel on an ordinary Black woman’s search for identity within the context of a black community......
題目：
According to the passage， Hurston， Brooks， and Marshall are alike in that they
(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives
(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century
(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels
(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture
(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women
分析：從文章中得知：馬歇爾已經(jīng)擺脫了抗議小說(shuō)所一貫描繪的受壓迫并且?guī)в斜瘎∩实呐魅斯蜗�。但是B選項(xiàng)卻說(shuō)道：馬歇爾深深地受到二十世紀(jì)早期抗議小說(shuō)的影響，明顯與原文意思相反。
再如：
It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl， Brownstones as being
(A) completely different from novels written before 1959
(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century
(C) similar to the protest novels that preceded it
(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today
(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s
分析：C選項(xiàng)與之前的抗議小說(shuō)類似 與原文意思相反。而B(niǎo)選項(xiàng)的深受二十世紀(jì)早期小說(shuō)的影響從文章無(wú)法推測(cè)出。
4)無(wú)：即 提到文章中未涉及的內(nèi)容。由于此種選項(xiàng)編制容易，并且ETS一廂情愿地認(rèn)為此種迷惑手段非常高明。因此，此類錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)在GRE閱讀的錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)中數(shù)量眾多。請(qǐng)各位考生緊記：凡基于文章內(nèi)容無(wú)法推測(cè)出的選項(xiàng)必然錯(cuò)誤。
還是上文：
題目：
According to the passage， Hurston， Brooks， and Marshall are alike in that they
(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives
(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century
(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels
(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture
(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women
分析：從文章中得知：馬歇爾與另外兩位的的共同點(diǎn)在于他們都把小說(shuō)聚焦于一位普通的黑人女性對(duì)自己身份的追求，當(dāng)然故事是以一個(gè)黑人社會(huì)為背景。其中的A選項(xiàng)未研究百人文化對(duì)角色生活所帶來(lái)的影響文章從未涉及。
再如：
It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl， Brownstones as being
(A) completely different from novels written before 1959
(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century
(C) similar to the protest novels that preceded it
(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today
(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s
分析：D選項(xiàng)二十世紀(jì)50年代末期重要，但是今天過(guò)時(shí)了文章從未涉及。
(3) 含有強(qiáng)調(diào)性語(yǔ)言(最高級(jí)、唯一性和比較級(jí))的選項(xiàng)
ETS會(huì)隨意地在選項(xiàng)中加入一些極端語(yǔ)言來(lái)編制錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。集中表現(xiàn)為含有最高級(jí)，唯一性以及比較級(jí)的詞匯。換句話說(shuō)，含有這三類詞匯的選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤的.幾率很高。具體說(shuō)：
1)最高級(jí)詞匯：best ， the most important， the least useful， uttermost， foremost， uppermost， always ，never， often， usually，primarily，primary，exact(ly)，complete(ly) . entire(ly) absolute(ly) extremely， unmitigated . unrestrained . unchecked. first等
2)唯一性詞匯：only， alone， exclusively， sole(ly)， unique(ly)
3)比較級(jí)詞匯：more useful than， less beneficial than， better ， worse than ，as ..as， the same with， similar to 等等。
還是以上兩例：
According to the passage， Hurston， Brooks， and Marshall are alike in that they
(A) did not examine the effects of White culture on their characters’ lives
(B) were heavily influenced by the protest novels of the early twentieth century
(C) used Black communities as the settings for their novels
(D) wrote primarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in White culture
(E) wrote exclusively about female characters and the experiences of women
分析：此處的D選項(xiàng)和E選項(xiàng)中的primarily以及exclusively都屬于比較極端的詞匯。
It can be inferred that the author of the passage would describe Brown Girl， Brownstones as being
(A) completely different from novels written before 1959
(B) highly influenced by novels written in the early twentieth century
(C) similar to the protest novels that preceded it
(D) important in the late 1950’s but dated today
(E) an important influence on novels written in the 1970’s
分析：此處的A選項(xiàng)中的completely 也屬于比較極端的詞匯。
(4) 違反論據(jù)集中原則：
即此類選項(xiàng)試圖使用非定位處的信息回答問(wèn)題。此類選項(xiàng)極具迷惑性，因?yàn)檫@些錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)在文章中確實(shí)被提及過(guò)，可是由于與問(wèn)題回答無(wú)關(guān)因此不予選擇。
請(qǐng)看下例：
No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given. The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the(E) mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a conveyor belt and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge. This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by(B) temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. Such a (D)back-coupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motions.
On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur along lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the (C)Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.
The author refers to a conveyor belt in order to
(A)illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle
(B)show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents
(C)demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
(D)describe the complicated motions made possible by back coupling
(E)account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges
分析：此題為一道舉例作用題。其定位為文章中加粗和劃線的句子。但是這四個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)都無(wú)一例外地通過(guò)利用其它的句子編制而成，即出題機(jī)構(gòu)分別使用文章中標(biāo)號(hào)為 A，B，C和D的內(nèi)容編制出四個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的選項(xiàng)。因此，不予選擇。考生切忌因?yàn)槲恼聞e的地方曾經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過(guò)類似的內(nèi)容而猶豫不決。
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