初中英語英語語法大全之句子的種類，陳述句說明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法，簡(jiǎn)單句只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句例如，英語語法大全句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并，主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
初中英語：英語語法大全之句子的種類
初中英語：英語語法大全之句子的種類
摘要：復(fù)合句(ComplexSentences)：包含一個(gè)主句從句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，例如：Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema。句子的種類
(一)按使用目的可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。
1)陳述句(DeclarativeSentences)：說明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。Lighttravelsfasterthansound.光比聲速度快。(說明事實(shí))
Thefilmisratherboring.這部電影很乏味。(說明看法)
2)疑問句(InterrogativeSentences)：提出問題。有以下四種：
a.一般疑問句(GeneralQuestions)：
Canyoufinishtheworkintime?
你能按時(shí)完成工作嗎?
b.特殊疑問句(WQuestions;HQuestions)：
Wheredoyoulive?你住那兒?
Howdoyouknowthat?你怎么知道那件事?
c.選擇疑問句(AlternativeQuestions)：
Doyouwantteaorcoffee?
你是要茶還是要咖啡?
d.反意疑問句(Tag-Questions)：
Hedoesn'tknowher,doeshe?
他不認(rèn)識(shí)她，對(duì)不對(duì)?
3)祈使句(ImperativeSentences)：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令，例如：
Sitdown,please.請(qǐng)坐。
Don'tbenervous!別緊張!
4)感嘆句(ExclamatorySentences)：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒，例如：Whatgoodnewsitis!多好的消息啊!
(二)句子按其結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：
1)簡(jiǎn)單句(SimpleSentences)：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句，例如：
Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.她喜歡集郵。
(主)(謂)
2)并列句(CompoundSentences)：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號(hào)來連接，例如：
Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite。
(主)(謂)(主)(謂)
食物很精美，但他卻沒什么胃口。
3)復(fù)合句(ComplexSentences)：包含一個(gè)主句從句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)，例如：
Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema。
主句從句
我們到達(dá)電影院的時(shí)候，電影已經(jīng)開演了。
(三)基本句型(BasicSentencePatterns)：英語中千變?nèi)f化的句子歸根結(jié)底都是由以下五種基本句型組合、擴(kuò)展、變化而來的：
1)主+動(dòng)(SV)例如：
Iwork.我工作。
2)主+動(dòng)+表(SVP)例如：
Johnisbusy.約翰忙。
3)主+動(dòng)+賓(SVO)例如：
ShestudiesEnglish.她學(xué)英語。
4)主+動(dòng)+賓+補(bǔ)(SVOC)例如：
Timewouldprovemeright.時(shí)間會(huì)證明我是對(duì)的。
5)主+動(dòng)+間賓+直賓(SVOiOd)例如：
Mymothermademeanewdress.我母親給我做了一件新衣裳。
英語語法大全--句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
英語語法大全--句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
Ⅰ．簡(jiǎn)單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1781句型的轉(zhuǎn)換是指一個(gè)句子由一種語法結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)榱硪环N語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不改變其原來的意義。這是一種有用的練習(xí)，可以學(xué)會(huì)許多不同的說法，能從幾個(gè)句子中挑選出最適當(dāng)?shù)木渥有问健?/p>
A．主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也可從被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（參閱1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由肯定形式變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问�，也可由否定形式變�(yōu)榭隙ㄐ问剑篒amdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反問型問句與陳述句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
反問型問句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌篒sthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同詞類之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
幾乎任何詞類都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類。可以是：
1．動(dòng)詞與名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．動(dòng)詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．動(dòng)詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．Itsmellsgood．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名詞與形容詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlehusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介詞與連詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
圖解：
Ⅱ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1782一個(gè)分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式或介詞短語可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，反過來也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．
Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
圖解：
Ⅲ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)雜句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1783一個(gè)詞或是短語可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~從句、定語從句或狀語從句，反過來也如此：
A．名詞從句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．I
learnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
圖解：
B．定語從句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
圖解：
C．狀語從句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unleitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
注：1782中大部分短語不僅可以變?yōu)椴⒘械姆志�，也可以變�(yōu)闋钫Z從句。圖解：
Ⅳ．復(fù)雜句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1784Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．
Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlehelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．圖解：
Ⅴ．直接引語和間接引語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
1785說話人講的話可以用兩種方式來引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語。如果按引用人的觀點(diǎn)來引用，則稱為間
接引語。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語。Said這樣的動(dòng)詞稱為引話動(dòng)詞，它前面的主語，例如he，可稱為第一主語。引語中的主語，如I及he，稱為第二主語。引語中的謂語動(dòng)詞稱為第二動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，或間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語時(shí)，有幾個(gè)問題需要注意。
A．大寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)
直接引語放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)，第一個(gè)字母要大寫，引號(hào)前加逗號(hào)（間或用冒號(hào)），引語末加句號(hào)、問號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)，但在間接引語中卻不加這些。間接引語必須由that，whether（if）或疑問詞（who，why，when等）開頭，末尾要加句號(hào)。此外，在直接引語中問句可能有倒裝語序（助動(dòng)詞放在主語前面），但在間接引語中，問句則需變?yōu)樽匀徽Z序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引話動(dòng)詞與第二動(dòng)詞
引話動(dòng)詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引話動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，則當(dāng)引語由直接變?yōu)殚g接時(shí)，第二動(dòng)詞照舊不變。但若引話動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)，則間接引語中的第二動(dòng)詞，就要由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去時(shí)，由過去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)等。
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）onSunday．
C．引話動(dòng)詞與連詞
1．如果間接引語為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是問句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（ofhim）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknowwhether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果間接引語為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，requestthat，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動(dòng)詞should．此外間接引語還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式短語，這時(shí)引話動(dòng)詞需要改為賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代詞
此外還要注意，把直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語中代詞為第一人稱，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，將變?yōu)榕c第一主語一致的代詞。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引語中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語中它將變成與引話動(dòng)詞的賓語一致的人稱：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是賓語：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引話動(dòng)詞的賓語有時(shí)可以省略，但它在間接引語中可能需要說出來：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引語中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語中，它可以保持不變：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個(gè)he代表兩個(gè)不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．
Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．時(shí)間副詞（短語）
間接引語中的時(shí)間副詞（短語）可能和直接引語中的時(shí)間副詞（短語）不同，這是因?yàn)樵瓉碚f話人提到的時(shí)間可能與現(xiàn)在引話人提到的時(shí)間不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．
Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞的位置
在新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)中第一主語有時(shí)放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞，除了放在直接引語前面外，還可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰說的，第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞也可不必說出。）
在第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞放在其他位置時(shí)，要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”如果引話動(dòng)詞有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語，最好把它放在主語及引話動(dòng)詞前面，如果主語及引話動(dòng)詞在直接引語后面，長(zhǎng)修飾語最好放在引話動(dòng)詞后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”
“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．
如果主語和引話動(dòng)詞放在直接引語的中間或后面，作主語的名詞可以放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面或前面（若主語是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說saidhe）
“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說saysshe）
Ⅵ．簡(jiǎn)單句的合并
1786兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可以合并成一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的句子，這種練習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)寫作的人很有好處。兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbestarved．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個(gè)或更多句子變?yōu)槊~從句、定語從句或狀語從句，這樣來合并成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。
1．變成名詞從句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissucceisunknowntome．
2．變成定語從句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．變成狀語從句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopatheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypatheexam．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，也可以把其中一個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句變成一個(gè)短語，甚至一個(gè)詞，來合并成一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語代替一個(gè)句子）Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）
英語語法大全之句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
句子的轉(zhuǎn)換與合并
Ⅰ．簡(jiǎn)單句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
句型的轉(zhuǎn)換是指一個(gè)句子由一種語法結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)榱硪环N語法結(jié)構(gòu)，而不改變其原來的意義。這是一種有用的練習(xí)，可以學(xué)會(huì)許多不同的說法，能從幾個(gè)句子中挑選出最適當(dāng)?shù)木渥有问健?/p>
A．主動(dòng)語態(tài)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，也可從被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)橹鲃?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)（參閱1207—1209）：
Hehasfinishedhisuniversitystudies．
Hisuniversitystudieshavebeenfinished．
Theyputhimtodeath．
Hewasputtodeath．
AnEnglishmanteacheshimEnglish．
HeistaughtEnglishbyanEnglishmen．
B．肯定句與否定句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)句子可以由肯定形式變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问�，也可由否定形式變�(yōu)榭隙ㄐ问剑?/p>
Iamdoubtfulofhishonesty．
Iamnotsureofhishonesty．
Fewunderstandit．
Notmanyunderstandit．
Heissometimessilly．
Heisnotalwaysclever．
Itistidy．
Itisnotuntidy．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Healwaysobjected．
Heneveragreed．
Hefailedtocome．
Hedidnotcome．
Shetoldthestorywithtears．
Shetoldthestorynotwithouttears．
Onlyheknowsit．
Nobodyelseknowsit．
Helackscourage．
Heiswithoutcourage．
Heisverytired．
Heisnotalittletired．
Hewillalwaysrememberyourkindness．
Hewillneverforgetyourkindness．
C．反問型問句與陳述句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
反問型問句（RhetoricalQuestions）可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌篒sthatthewaytotreatyourwife？
Thatisnotthewaytotreatyourwife．
CanIsayanything？
Icannotsayanything．
Wherecanyoueverseeaghost？
Youcanneverseeaghostanywhere．
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Whocaresaboutyou？
Nobodycaresaboutyou．
WhyshouldIapologize？
Ishouldnotapologize．
D．不同詞類之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
幾乎任何詞類都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為另一詞類�？梢允牵�
1．動(dòng)詞與名詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ourenemyisstrengthening．
Ourenemyisgainingstrength．
Theyagreednottocriticizeeachother．
Theymadeanagreementnottocriticizeeachother．Ithasagoodsmell．
Johndisgracesourfamily．
Johnisadisgracetoourfamily．
2．動(dòng)詞與形容詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heneglectsmyadvice．
Heisnegligentofmyadvice．
Hefearsnothing．
Heisafraidofnothing．
Thisletterexpresseshisgratitude．
Thisletterisexpressiveofhisgratitude．Theywidenedandlengthenedthestreet．
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http://m.emrowgh.com 濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語smellsgood．It
濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Theymadethestreetwideandlong．
3．動(dòng)詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
HesucceededinadvisingMary．
HeadvisedMarysuccessfully．
Theyenjoyedcelebratingthefestival．
Theycelebratedthefestivaljoyfully．
Thisstorysurpassesothersinbeauty．
Thisstoryissurpassinglybeautiful．
4．名詞與形容詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Heisamanofwealth．
Heisawealthyman．
Heisahusbandwithnoheart，sheisawifewithalongtongue．
Heisaheartlesshusband，sheisalong-tonguedwife．“HereliestheonlywileofJohnLee．”
“HereliesJohnLee'sonlywife．”
Thispolicyisofgreatimportance．
Thispolicyisveryimportant．
Therewasonceamonsterwiththreeheads．
Therewasonceathree-headedmonster．
5．名詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Pleasehandleitwithcare．
Pleasehandleitcarefully．
Inallprobability，itwillrainthisevening．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Mostprobably，itwillrainthisevening．
Ourtroopsenteredthecityintriumph．
Ourtroopsenteredthecitytriumphantly．
6．形容詞與副詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Afteracarefulanalysis，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Carefullyanalysed，thefoodprovespoisonous．
Hehateshardwork．
Hehatestoworkhard．
7．介詞與連詞間的轉(zhuǎn)換：
Ilikehimforhisunselfishness．
Ilikehimbecauseheisunselfish．
Iwillwaituntilhisreturn．
Iwillwaituntilhereturns．
Ⅱ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式或介詞短語可以轉(zhuǎn)換為復(fù)合句，反過來也如此：—Sittingdown，hereadtheletter．
Hesatdownandhereadtheletter．
Theguestleaving，Iwenttobed．
Theguestleft，andthenIwenttobed．
Beingtiredoflife，herefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
—Heistiredoflife，soherefusestoseeanyfriendsorrelatives．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
—Heranawaytoavoidpunishment．
Heranaway，orhewouldbepunished．
Hehastoworkhardtomaintainhisbigfamily．
Hehastoworkhard，otherwisehecannotmaintainhisbigfamily．Outofadesiretopleasehermother，hesentherthingsfromtimetotime．
Hesentthingstohermotherfromtimetotime，forhedesirestopleaseher．
—Besidessellingrice，heteachesarithmeticintheevening．
Hesellsrice，andbesidesheteachesarithmeticintheevening．Withallhisefforts，hefailed．
Hemadeallefforts，buthefailed．
Byhisgoodmanners，hewinsherheart．
Hehasgoodmanners，thereforehewinsherheart．
Theboyisrewardedforhisbravery．
Theboyisbrave，soheisrewarded．
Ⅲ．簡(jiǎn)單句與復(fù)雜句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
一個(gè)詞或是短語可以轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~從句、定語從句或狀語從句，反過來也如此：
A．名詞從句
Icannottellthetimeofhisarrival．
Icannottellwhenhewillarrive．
Ibelieveyourstatement．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Ibelievewhatyoustate．
Iinsistedonhisstudyingart．
Iinsistedthatheshouldstudyart．
Iwasinformedofhisbehaviour．
Iwasinformedofhowhebehaved．
Iwishyoutobealwayshappy．
Iwishthatyouwillbealwayshappy．
Ithinkitfitforyoutotakeoverthebusiness．Ithinkitfitthatyoutakeoverthebusiness．Ilearnofhissuccess．
Ilearnthathehassucceeded．
Hisarrivalisagreatevent．
Thathehasarrivedisagreatevent．
Howtogetridofpovertyisabigproblem．Itisabigproblemhowwecangetridofpoverty．
B．定語從句
Heisaself－mademan．
Heisamanwhohassucceededbyhisownefforts．
Ithasbecomeanindependentcountry．
Ithasbecomeacountrythatisnomorecontrolledbyanothor．
Iwanttoliveanddieinmynativevillage．
IwanttoliveanddieinthevillagewhereIwasborn．
Shewearsasea－blueskirt．
Shewearsaskirtwhichisasblueasthesea．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Weneedanatom－smashingmachine．
Weneedamachinethatcansmashatoms．
Ihavenothingtosay．
IhavenothingthatIwishtosay．
Theevildonelivesafterthedoers．
Theevilthatmendolivesafterthem．
C．狀語從句
Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyonthedeathoftheirfather．Thechildrenquarrelledoverthepropertyassoonastheirfatherdied．After20yearsofservice，heretired．
Whenhehadserved20years，heretired．
Hediedinhisnativeplace．
Hediedwherehewasborn．
Hestayedathomebecauseofillness．
Hestayedathomebecausehewasill．
Inspiteofmyadvice，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
AlthoughIadvisedhim，hepersistedingoingoutwithher．
Youmaydrinktoyourheart'scontent．
Youmaydrinkasmuchasyoulike．
Withoutanywater，thisplantcannotlive．
Unlessitgetssomewater，thisplantcannotlive．
Heistootiredtoworkanymore．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Heissotiredthathecannotworkanymore．
Iwillinformthepolicetopunishhim．
Iwillinformthepolicesothathemaybepunished．
Ⅳ．復(fù)雜句與復(fù)合句之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
Hegainedalotofmoneyingamblingandhewishedtogambleagain．Afterhegainedalotofmoneyingambling，hewishedtogambleagain．Hemaybeinterestedinartandinthatcaseheshouldgotosomefineartsschool．
Ifheisinterestedinart，heshouldgotosomefineartsschool．Recedeonestepandtheywillproceedthree．
Ifyourecedeonestep，theywillproceedthree．
Heispoor，butheisproud．
Althoughheispoor，heisproud．
Hehasfailed，yethehasdonehisbest．
Althoughhehasfailed，hehasdonehisbest．
Wemustkeepsilentorfatherwillgetangry．
Wemustkeepsilentlestfathershouldgetangry．
Hemustlivearegularlife，otherwisehewillfallill．
Unlesshelivesaregularlife，hewillfallill．
Heisaverygoodteacher，sothestudentslikehim．
Thestudentslikehim，becauseheisagoodteacher．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Theyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，thereforetheyunderstandeachotherthoroughly．
Astheyhavesaidalltheywishtosay，theyunderstandeachother
thoroughly．
Ⅴ．直接引語和間接引語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換
說話人講的話可以用兩種方式來引用。如果引用他的原話，就稱作直接引語。因此Hesaid，“Iamveryill．”為直接引語。如果按引用人的觀點(diǎn)來引用，則稱為間接引語。因此Hesaidthathewasveryill．為間接引語。Said這樣的動(dòng)詞稱為引話動(dòng)詞，它前面的主語，例如he，可稱為第一主語。引語中的主語，如I及he，稱為第二主語。引語中的謂語動(dòng)詞稱為第二動(dòng)詞。當(dāng)直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，或間接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為直接引語時(shí)，有幾個(gè)問題需要注意。
A．大寫與標(biāo)點(diǎn)
直接引語放在引號(hào)之內(nèi)，第一個(gè)字母要大寫，引號(hào)前加逗號(hào)（間或用冒號(hào)），引語末加句號(hào)、問號(hào)或感嘆號(hào)，但在間接引語中卻不加這些。間接引語必須由that，whether（if）或疑問詞（who，why，when等）開頭，末尾要加句號(hào)。此外，在直接引語中問句可能有倒裝語序（助動(dòng)詞放在主語前面），但在間接引語中，問句則需變?yōu)樽匀徽Z序：
Isay，“Hewillcome．”
Isaythathewillcome．
Isay：“Whenwillhecome？”
Iaskwhenhewillcome．
B．引話動(dòng)詞與第二動(dòng)詞
引話動(dòng)詞可以是say，remark，observe，claim，explain，con-firm；ask，enquire，question；answer，reply；declare，announce；beg，urge，suggest，request，demand；order，command；object，deny，admit，agree，argue；warn，threaten；think，reflect，consider；write，cable，phone，telex；shout，laugh，sneer等等。
若引話動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，則當(dāng)引語由直接變?yōu)殚g接時(shí)，第二動(dòng)詞照舊不變。但若引話動(dòng)詞是過去時(shí)，則間接引語中的第二動(dòng)詞，就要由現(xiàn)在時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去時(shí)，由過去時(shí)變?yōu)檫^去完成時(shí)等。
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Isay（orwillsay）tohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．”
Isay（orwillsay）tohimthatJohnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
Isaidtohim，“Johnarrives（orwillarrive，arrived）onSunday．
IsaidtohimthatJohnarrived（orwouldarrive，hadarrived）on
Sunday．
C．引話動(dòng)詞與連詞
1．如果間接引語為陳述句，它前面通常都有：saythat，knowthat，tellhimthat，statethat，…
2．如果它是問句，它前面通常有：ask（him）whether（orif），inquire（of
him）whether，demand（ofhim）whether，wonderwhether，wanttoknow
whether；或ask（him）＋W（即疑問詞，如who，whom，when，why，which），inquire（ofhim）＋W，…
3．如果它是感嘆句，它前面通常有：exclaimthat，cryoutwithjoythat，…
4．如果間接引語為祈使句，它前面通常有：demandthat，askthat，request
that，advisethat，orderthat，…且里面包含助動(dòng)詞should．此外間接引語還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為不定式短語，這時(shí)引話動(dòng)詞需要改為賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞：
1．Isaid，“Youareaniceboy”．
Isaidthathewasaniceboy．
Ithought，“Youwillfailagain．”
Ithoughtthathewouldfailagain．
2．Isaid，“Areyouaniceboy？”
Iaskedwhetherhewasaniceboy．
Ithoughttomyself，“Willhefailagain？”
Iaskedmyselfwhetherhewouldfailagain．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Ienquiredofhim，“Whoknowsit？”
Ienquiredofhimwhoknewit．
3．Isaid，“Whataniceboyyouare１
Iexclaimedthathewasindeedaniceboy．
Isaid，“Hurrah！Wehavewonthebattle．”
Icriedwithjoythatwehadwonthebattle．
Hesaid，“Curseit！Youareafool．”
HeexclaimedwithanoaththatIwasafool．
Hesaid，“Bravo！Youhavedonesomethingwonder－ful．”
Heapplaudedme，sayingthatIhaddonesomethingwonderful．
4．Isaidtohim，“Beaniceboy．”
Iadvisedthatheshouldbeaniceboy．
Iadvisedhimtobeaniceboy．
Isaidtohim，“Seemeatthestation．”
Irequestedthatheshouldseemeatthestation．
Irequestedhimtoseemeatthestation．
D．代詞
此外還要注意，把直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，代詞需作改變。如果在直接引語中代詞為第一人稱，在變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，將變?yōu)榕c第一主語一致的代詞。
Isaid，“Icandoit．”
IsaidthatIcoulddoit．
Hesaid，“Imustgo．”
Hesaidthathemustgo．
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濟(jì)南沃爾得國(guó)際英語
Yousaid，“Iknow．”
Yousaidthatyouknew．
Wesaid，“Wecandoit．”
Wesaidthatwecoulddoit．
Theysaid，“Wemustgo．”
Theysaidthattheymustgo．
Isaid“Wecandoit．”
Isaidthatwecoulddoit．（We中包括I）
如果在直接引語中，代詞為第二人稱，在間接引語中它將變成與引話動(dòng)詞的賓語一致的人稱：
Itoldhim，“Youareright．”
Itoldhimthathewasright．
Itoldyou，“Youareright．”
Itoldyouthatyouwereright．
Hetoldme，“Youareright．”
HetoldmethatIwasright．
Hetoldus，“Youareright．”
Hetoldusthatwewereright．
Wetoldthem，“Youareright．”
Wetoldthemthattheywereright．”
Tosomebody也可看作是賓語：
Hesaidtome（=toldme），“Youareright．”
HesaidtomethatIwasright．
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Heexplainedtothem，“Youhavegonethewrongway．”
Heexplainedtothemthattheyhadgonethewrongway．
引話動(dòng)詞的賓語有時(shí)可以省略，但它在間接引語中可能需要說出來：
TheyaskedmewhenIwouldgetmarried．Isaid，“Youwilllearnitverysoon．”
…Isaidthattheywouldlearnitverysoon．
如果在直接引語中代詞為第三人稱，在間接引語中，它可以保持不變：
Itoldyou，“Heiscrazy．”
Itoldyouthatheiscrazy．
Hetoldme，“Sheiscrazy．”
Hetoldmethatshewascrazy．
Wetoldhim，“Theyarecrazy．”
Wetoldhimthattheywerecrazy．
Hetoldme，“Heiscrazy．”（這兩個(gè)he代表兩個(gè)不同的人）
Hetoldmethatacertainpersonwascrazy．
還需指出，上述代詞，在直接或間接引語中，可以為任何“格”，而不僅僅是主格：Hetoldme，“Iwillaskmybrothertotakemetothepictures．”
Hetoldmethathewouldaskhisbrothertotakehimtothepictures．Hedeclared“Wemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous１
Hedeclaredthatwemusturgethemtoreturnourterritorytous．
E．時(shí)間副詞（短語）
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間接引語中的時(shí)間副詞（短語）可能和直接引語中的時(shí)間副詞（短語）不同，這是因?yàn)樵瓉碚f話人提到的時(shí)間可能與現(xiàn)在引話人提到的時(shí)間不同：
Hesaid，“Maryisverybusynow．”
HesaidthatMarywasverybusythen．
Hesaid，“Marycameyesterday．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomethedaybefore（orthepreviousday）．
Hesaid，“Marycamefivedaysago．”
HesaidthatMaryhadcomefivedaysbefore（orfivedaysearlier）．Hesaid，“Marywillcometomorrow．”
HesaidthatMarywouldcomethefollowingday（orthenextday）．Hesaid，“Marywillcomeinfivedays１
HesaidthatMarywouldcomefivedaysafterwards（orlater）．
F．第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞的位置
在新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)中第一主語有時(shí)放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面：
SaidStevens，“…”
CommentsDr．Lee，“…”
BoastedAsiaBankpresidentJohnBush，“…”
第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞，除了放在直接引語前面外，還可放在其他位置：
Hesaid，“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”
“Oh１hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest．”（但不說saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid．（但不說saidhe）
“Oh！Ihavedonemybest．”（如果大家都清楚這話是誰說的，第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞也可不必說出。）
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在第一主語及引話動(dòng)詞放在其他位置時(shí)，要注意標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)：
Hesaid，“Oh，Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”
“Oh，”hesaid，“Ihavedonemybest；Ihavemadeeveryeffort．Butallinvain．”
“Oh，Ihavedonemybest，”hesaid；“Ihavemadeeveryeffort，Butallinvain．”
如果引話動(dòng)詞有較長(zhǎng)的修飾語，最好把它放在主語及引話動(dòng)詞前面，如果主語及引話動(dòng)詞在直接引語后面，長(zhǎng)修飾語最好放在引話動(dòng)詞后面：
Afterashortspaceofsilencehesaid，“I'llconsiderthisproblem．”“I'llconsiderthisproblem，”hesaidafterashortspaceofsilence．如果主語和引話動(dòng)詞放在直接引語的中間或后面，作主語的名詞可以放在引話動(dòng)詞的后面或前面（若主語是人稱代詞，只能放在動(dòng)詞后面）：
“Ithinkso，”hesaid（orLeosaid，saidLeo）．（很少說saidhe）“EverythingisOK１shesays（orAmysays，saysAmy）．（很少說saysshe）
Ⅵ．簡(jiǎn)單句的合并
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可以合并成一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的句子，這種練習(xí)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)寫作的人很有好處。兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句可借助并列連詞合并成一個(gè)復(fù)合句：
HesawJohn．Hegreetedhim．
HesawJohnandhegreetedhim．
IcalledonMary．Marywasill．
IcalledonMary，butMarywasill．
Hehasnotasinglepenny．Hehastobeg．Hewillbestarved．
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Hehasnotasinglepenny，sohehastobeg，otherwisehewillbe
starved．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，可以加上從屬連詞，把一個(gè)或更多句子變?yōu)槊~從句、定語從句或狀語從句，這樣來合并成為一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。
1．變成名詞從句：
Hehasarrived．Iknowit．
Iknowthathehasarrived．
Hemayhaveanaccident．Iamafraid．
Iamafraidthathemayhaveanaccident．
Howmanywerekilled？Iamnotsure．
Iamnotsurehowmanywerekilled．
Howdidheachievethissuccess？Thatisunknowntome．
Howheachievedthissuccessisunknowntome．
2．變成定語從句：
Whoisthatman？Isawthatmanyesterday．
WhoisthemanIsawyesterday？
Theboywascaughtbythepolice．TheboystolemyPekinesedog．
TheboywhostolemyPekinesedogwascaughtbythepolice．
Shewearsaskirt．Idon'tlikeaskirtlikethis．
Idon'tlikesuchaskirtasshewears．
3．變成狀語從句：
Iwalkedalong．Atthattime，itwasraining．
WhenIwalkedalong，itwasraining．
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Youturntotheright．Youcanseethehotel．
Ifyouturntotheright，youcanseethehotel．
Hesufferedfromcancer．Hehadsmokedtoomuch．
Hesufferedfromcancer，becausehehadsmokedtoomuch．
Helooksstupid．Heisclever．
Helooksstupidthoughheisclever．
Hestudiesuntilmidnight．Hewishestopasstheexam．
Hestudiesuntilmidnightsothathemaypasstheexam．
兩個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句，也可以把其中一個(gè)或更多簡(jiǎn)單句變成一個(gè)短語，甚至一個(gè)詞，來合并成一個(gè)較為復(fù)雜的簡(jiǎn)單句：
Mr．Johnsonwillleaveourschool．Heisateacherofhistory．
Mr．Johnson，ateacherofhistory，willleaveourschool．（用同位語代替一個(gè)句子）
Hedied．Heisforgotten．
Heisforgottenafterhisdeath．（用介詞短語代替句子）
Shepoisonedherself．Shehadaquarrelwithherhusband．
Shepoisonedherselfbecauseofhavingaquarrelwithherhusband．（用“介詞+動(dòng)名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)代替句子）
Heiswillingtosacrificehimself．Hewishestopleaseher．
Heiswillingtosacrificehimselftopleaseher．（用不定式代替句子）Theenemysurrenderedthemselves．Theycametouswithawhiteflag．
Theenemysurrenderedthemselves，comingtouswithawhiteflag．（用分詞代替句子）
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