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坎兒井導(dǎo)游詞
各位游客朋友大家好！
接下來我們將要參觀的景點(diǎn)是號(hào)稱古代中國“三大工程”之一的坎兒井。 坎兒井位于吐魯番市亞爾鄉(xiāng)亞爾村，地理位置十分便利，離312國道不到一公里，離吐魯番市中心僅5公里。
坎兒井在中國各省叫法不一，新疆漢語稱為“坎兒井”或簡稱“坎”，陜西叫作“井渠”，山西叫作“水巷”，甘肅叫作“百眼串井”，也有的地方稱為“地下渠道�！�
坎兒井2004年被評(píng)為國家AAA級(jí)旅游景區(qū)，2015年被評(píng)為全國十里風(fēng)景區(qū)。
坎兒井，早在《史記》中便有記載，當(dāng)時(shí)稱之為“井渠”，是我國各族勞動(dòng)人民在長期生活中，為適應(yīng)干旱地區(qū)的生活而造的一種地下水利工程。新疆的坎兒井主要分布在吐魯番盆地、哈密和禾壘地區(qū)，以吐魯番地區(qū)最多，總共有千余條，如果連接起來，其長度可長達(dá)5000公里，有人稱之為"地下運(yùn)河"。因此它與萬里長城、京杭大運(yùn)河并稱為古代中國“三大工程”。
坎兒井是開發(fā)利用地下水的一種古老式的水平集水建筑物，適用于山麓、沖積扇緣地帶，主要是用于截取地下潛水來進(jìn)行農(nóng)田灌溉和居民用水。新疆坎兒井按其成井的水文地質(zhì)條件來分，可分為三種類型：一種是山前潛水補(bǔ)給型，這類坎兒井直接截取山前側(cè)滲的地下水，集水段較短。第二種是山前河流河谷潛水補(bǔ)給型，這類坎兒井集水段較長，出水量較大。第三種是平原潛水補(bǔ)給型，這類坎兒井主要分布在灌區(qū)域內(nèi)，地層多為土質(zhì)、水文地質(zhì)較差，出水量較小。
如今，吐魯番市郊五道林坎兒井、五星鄉(xiāng)坎兒井，均可供參觀游覽。名氣最大的坎兒井是米衣木·阿吉坎兒井，它全長5公里，最深處為80米，日水量可澆地70畝，已有200年的歷史，它是維吾爾人米衣木·阿吉開掘而成的，故以此而命名。
坎兒井形成的條件主要有兩個(gè)，一自然條件的可能性。
吐魯番盆地北部的博格達(dá)山和西部的喀拉烏成山，春夏時(shí)節(jié)有大量融化的積雪和雨水流下山谷，潛入戈壁灘下。人們利用山的坡度，巧妙地創(chuàng)造了坎兒井，引地下潛流灌溉農(nóng)田�？矁壕灰蜓谉�、狂風(fēng)而使水分大量蒸發(fā)，因而流量穩(wěn)定，
保證了自流灌溉。吐魯番盆地的地形高差懸殊，地勢(shì)峻陡，周圍高山多系古生代末期海西運(yùn)動(dòng)形成的，巖層堅(jiān)硬且多裂隙，有利于裂隙水的形成。
二是生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要性 。
吐魯番盆地遠(yuǎn)在古代漢唐時(shí)期就是歐亞交通的孔道、經(jīng)濟(jì)文化交流的要地，雖然該地區(qū)氣候干旱且地面水源非常缺乏，但卻蘊(yùn)藏著豐富的地下水源和充沛的天然泉水、致使沖積扇緣以下的土地盡是肥美的綠洲。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，必然要求人們開發(fā)出更多的地下水源，通過千百年生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)的實(shí)踐和內(nèi)外文化技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的交流，人們終于逐步地找到了一種開發(fā)利用地下水的最好形式——坎兒井。
講到這里，各位游客可能已經(jīng)迫不及待，想要見坎兒井了，請(qǐng)大家隨我下車，我們?nèi)ビH眼體會(huì)坎兒井的獨(dú)特魅力。
坎兒井導(dǎo)游詞
各位游客：
大家早啊，昨天我們?nèi)タ催^了滿架的葡萄，看著那一串串誘人的各種形狀的葡萄，**不禁會(huì)問大家：素有“火洲”、“風(fēng)庫”之稱，氣候極端干燥的地方，怎么能養(yǎng)出那么美而且甜的葡萄啊?其中有什么奧秘呢?奧秘就是分布在新疆大地上的坎兒井群，它猶如人體的血脈，延展到茫茫戈壁，灌溉了新疆的大-片土地。奇妙的坎兒 井，又在吐魯番分布最廣，成為生命之泉，常綠之源，澆灌著吐魯番滴翠的葡萄和甘甜的瓜。下面就讓我們一起去參觀這一舉世聞名的灌溉工程。
游客們，現(xiàn)在我們來到了坎兒井樂園，首先請(qǐng)跟我前往坎兒井博物館去了解一下坎兒井的建造情況。
坎兒井是生活在新疆的各族勞動(dòng)人民根據(jù)本地氣候、水文特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造出來的一種地下引水工程，新疆大約有坎兒井1600條，其中以吐魯番最多最集中，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，吐魯番的坎兒井 共有1158條，總長約5000公里，相當(dāng)于從烏魯木齊到哈爾濱的里程。坎兒井堪稱中國古代最偉大的地下水利工程之一，被地理學(xué)界的專家稱為“地下運(yùn)河”，并與長城、京杭大運(yùn)河合稱為我國古代三大工程。
對(duì)于坎兒井您可能早有所聞，2015年05月25日，坎爾井地下水利工程被國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)列入第六批全國重點(diǎn)文物保護(hù)單位名單。不過對(duì)它的結(jié)構(gòu)也許不很清楚，現(xiàn)在我就向大家介紹一下�？矁壕欧Q“井渠”，坎兒也就是“井穴”的意思，由立井(豎井)、暗渠(地下渠道)、明渠(地表渠道)和澇壩(蓄水池)四部分組成。
坎兒井之所以能在吐魯番大量修建，是與這里的自然條件分不開的。首先吐魯番盆地地勢(shì)很低，低于海平面以下的面積就有2085平方公里，而且吐魯番四面環(huán)山，每年高山上的積雪大量融化后流入山谷。當(dāng)雪水流經(jīng)戈壁時(shí)便滲入地下形成潛流，這就給坎兒井提供了豐富的水源。
那坎兒井又是怎樣建成的呢?請(qǐng)看：坎兒井的建造方法是在高山峽谷地帶的雪水潛流處，尋找到水源，然后每隔20米至30米打一眼豎井，井深十米至幾十米不等，將地下水匯聚，以增大水勢(shì)，再依地勢(shì)高下，在井底鑿?fù)ò登�，溝通各井，引流直下，一直連接到遙遠(yuǎn)的綠洲，才將水由明渠引出地面，加以灌溉。澇壩則是一個(gè)調(diào)節(jié)水量的蓄水池。一條坎兒井，一般長約3公里，最長者往往是幾條坎兒井相連達(dá)幾十甚至上百公里，其間豎井少則幾十口，多則三百余口。上游的豎井較深，個(gè)別可達(dá)100米上下，下游的較淺，一般僅數(shù)米。坎兒井的作用是避免水分蒸發(fā)，這項(xiàng)工程實(shí)屬適應(yīng)干燥氣候特點(diǎn)的一種偉大創(chuàng)舉。尤其讓人稱道的是，當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣袢珣{雙手和簡單的工具，鑿打深井，掏挖地下渠，其工程之浩大，構(gòu)造之巧妙，讓人嘆為觀止。
我想請(qǐng)大家回憶一下，當(dāng)我們乘車臨近吐魯番市時(shí)，就在那郁郁蔥蔥的綠洲的外圍戈壁上，可以看見順坡而下的一堆一堆的圓土包，有序地伸向綠洲。那些就是坎兒井的豎井口。
假如大家從高空俯視，那些土堆宛如珍珠串結(jié)的項(xiàng)鏈，裝點(diǎn)著吐魯番這個(gè)古老卻仍青春煥發(fā)的地方。
各位游客，下面我們?cè)賮碚務(wù)効矁壕慕ㄔ煸�。由于新疆地區(qū)干旱少雨，蒸發(fā)量大，而坎兒井是地下暗渠輸水，蒸發(fā)量小而流量穩(wěn)定，可以常年自流灌溉，加上這里的土屬鈣質(zhì)黏土，挖好的坎兒井很堅(jiān)固，不易倒塌。高山上雪水溫度很低，若直接灌溉對(duì)農(nóng)作物生長不利，而吐魯番地表溫度很高，雪水流經(jīng)坎兒井后溫度自然上升，很適合澆灌農(nóng)作物。因此，新疆各族人民在長期與干旱的斗爭中，發(fā)明了這種鑿井灌田的方法。
值得一提的是，林則徐在新疆墾荒中，還推廣了“坎兒井”這一令人贊嘆的水利工程。林則徐雖不是“坎兒井”的發(fā)明者，但他提倡和推廣“坎兒井”是有大功的。在林則徐的大力推動(dòng)下，吐魯番、鄯善、托克遜新挖“坎兒井”300多道，大量久荒的土地變成沃壤。林則徐還把“坎兒井”推廣到南疆、東疆。為感念林則徐這一功績，群眾把“坎兒井”改稱“林公井”，贊譽(yù)他是“吾鄉(xiāng)之偉大人物哉！”并樹碑讓世代傳頌。
參觀完坎兒井博物館，走出館外，可見道旁明澈的清泉，這便是坎兒井明渠中流淌出的雪山純水，它晶瑩碧透，倘若您伸手觸及，便會(huì)感到?jīng)鲆怅囮�，真是“晶晶亮，透心涼”�?/p>
坎兒井的暗渠要從洞中進(jìn)入方可看到，只見渠水汩汩流淌，讓人感到無比欣喜。這樣的井渠在整個(gè)新疆大地有上千個(gè)之多，其地下河道總長度加起來比萬里長城還要長一倍，也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過了京杭大運(yùn)河，成為“地下運(yùn)河”。
既然關(guān)于坎兒井有那么多的故事，我們就好好地感受當(dāng)?shù)厝酥腔酆蛣趧?dòng)的結(jié)晶吧。
吐魯番坎兒井導(dǎo)游詞
吐魯番坎兒井導(dǎo)游詞[英文] Turpan Karez English guides words
Members tourists :
To Turpan, people can not help asking : who is known as "Fire Island," "the wind, known as" climate of extreme dry place, how
there will be a large oasis? What is the secret of these? Mystery is the distribution of land in the Xinjiang Karez group, It is like the human body's blood vessels, part of the vast Gobi Desert,
irrigation of vast tracts of land in Xinjiang.The wonders of the bank wells in Turpan most widely distributed as Drop of Life, evergreen source creating a lounge Turpan grapes and sweet melons. Now let us visit the world-famous irrigation.
Karez structure → Karez construction methods
Visitors, we went to the desert paradise I begin with the museum to Karez to understand the construction of Karez.
Karez were living in Xinjiang working people of all nationalities,
under the local climate, hydrological characteristics of a creation of a clandestine diversion project, some Karez 1600, Turpan up with the most concentrated, according to statistics, a total of Turpan of Karez 1158, a total length of 5,000 km, the distance from Urumqi to Harbin milestone.Ancient Chinese Karez his greatest one of the underground water, the geographic academic experts as the "underground canal" with the Great Wall and Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in ancient China known as a three projects.
For Kaner Well you probably heard, but its structure may not be very clear. Now I would like to tell you about.Karez in ancient times known as "drainage wells", the bank is "well Point," and by the shaft (shaft), culverts (underground channels), nullah (surf-ace channels) and logging dam (reservoir) four components.
Karez has been able to build a large number of Turpan, with the
natural conditions here inseparable. First Turpan Basin lying low, below sea level below 2,085 square kilometers area alone,
Surrounded by mountains and Turpan, the annual mountain snow melts after the inflow of large valley.When the snow running through the desert to seep into the ground when it formed the undercurrent, which Karez to provide a rich source of water.
Karez then what is built? Take a look : Karez construction method is in the mountains, the snow valley undercurrent, finding water, Then every 20 meters to 30 meters to fight a shaft, the depth ranging from 10 meters to tens of meters of underground water pool to increase water potential, again according to the terrain heights, in the bottom of the well was completed culvert, the communication between wells, drainage Pavilion, has been
connected to the remote oasis only water channel leads from the ground to be irrigated. A Karez, general about three kilometers, the longest of several Karez often linked to dozens or even
hundreds of kilometers. During shaft mouth ranged from dozens to more than more than 300 mouth. The upper shaft deeper, individual up to 100 meters from top to bottom, the junior downstream, usually a few meters. Karez role is to avoid
evaporation, the project is adapted to a dry climate characteristics of a great creation. Particularly praiseworthy is that the local people relying on their hands and si-mp-le tools, the hammer hits the Sham Tseng, EXCAVATED subsurf-ace drainage, the mammoth projects, Structure clever and people alike.
I would like to ask you recall, when we travel near the Turpan City, It was then green and luxuriant oasis on the fringe of the Gobi, you can see the site of the pile and the pile of soil round package, and orderly manner toward the oasis.Karez which is the shaft mouth. If you a bird's-eye view, those objects like a pearl necklace string Guitar, Turpan bedecked with the oldest still youthful glow place.
吐魯番坎兒井導(dǎo)游詞[英文] Turpan Karez English guides words(2)
Karez reasons for the construction of the origin → Karez
Members tourists Now let us talk about the reasons for the
construction of Karez. As Xinjiang region to suffer from drought, evaporation, and Karez underground culvert, water evaporation and the small amount of flow stability be perennial gravity irrigation and the soil here is a calcareous clay, dug Karez very strong, not collapse. Mountain snow temperature is very low, if irrigation directly adverse to the growth of crops, and high surf-ace
temperature Turpan, After running through the snow desert temperature will increase, which is perfect for watering
crops.Therefore, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, with the long-term drought, the struggle of this invention Well Irrigation methods. A Karez is not a dry springs, a naturally Karez,
constitutes the lifeblood of Fire Island and lifeline Xinjiang to make the scarcity of rainfall with water accumulation, so people living in Xinjiang as an indispensable Spring of Life.
Turpan Karez on the origin have always been three versions : one is the Chinese Han Guan said drainage wells. In this view the Han Dynasty when it was invented by the "drainage wells" into Xinjiang, as is now the Karez. The second argument is with the Lin Zexu.Lin Zexu, the late Qing Dynasty was banished Xinjiang, in 1845 after Turpan, aware of local hot dry. So there is a careful investigation of water lying to guide their people in Xinjiang under the
physiographic features, This invention Well Irrigation methods.A third view is Karez 2,500 years ago from West Asia before the first Persian transmission Xinjiang. Of course, these three points have yet to be verified.
But I want to tell you is that Karez on Earth is the distribution and communication-cultural Silk Road linked.For example, in Pakistan, Iran and the Caspian Sea coast, people found Karez. So we said Karez is the world's cultural heritage of a pearl, is not
excessive.Even today, also in Xinjiang Karez Turpan agricultural
development plays a pivotal role.
Karez channel → Karez culverts
Karez visiting museums, the Museum is out, we can see Road to plain Qingquan, This is Karez channel which flows from the
snow-capped mountains of pure water, clean and Translucent, if your hand touches, it will be cooler blowing and really "arts, through gloating over."
Karez culvert from the cave to be seen, I saw foul the water flow on them, the people are extremely pleased. This drainage wells in the whole Xinjiang land as many as 1,000. its underground rivers combined total length of the Great Wall longer than doubled, far exceeding the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, as "underground canal."
Tourists, the desert is not only important water conservancy facilities, Chinese and foreign tourists are happy to watch a big cultural landscape. Karez especially within the park filled with a rich Xinjiang Uygur ethnic love for the music and dance, would you mind rippling. That crisper rhythm, a lithe and graceful melodies, warm and lively emotions, so that you appreciate apart will be moved to join their ranks and to learn Uygur girl and boy image, singing and dancing, That feeling of dancing village pure fun.
Members tourists Karez Paradise within that cough-melodious songs have chorus, the following please go quickly we appreciate it!
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