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四級(jí)英語(yǔ)議論文寫(xiě)作筆記
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語(yǔ)篇的連貫性
英語(yǔ)議論文的段落多采取直線展開(kāi)式，即段落開(kāi)始直接切入主題，并給出事實(shí)、例證、推理等。英語(yǔ)議論文段落這種展開(kāi)方式是形成其語(yǔ)篇連貫的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過(guò)某種有序的排列(如時(shí)間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等)而相互關(guān)聯(lián)。在論述該段落主題的時(shí)候，每后一個(gè)句子都是建立在前面一個(gè)句子的基礎(chǔ)之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個(gè)句子，這種連貫便會(huì)受到影響，就會(huì)造成讀者在理解上的困難。
3. 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)、議論文中常用的詞句與短語(yǔ)
(1) 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)
一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質(zhì)量不無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，而主題句質(zhì)量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據(jù)的選擇(即所選的論據(jù)在邏輯性、說(shuō)理性、準(zhǔn)確性及與主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性等方面是否都經(jīng)得起推敲)。需要明確的是，中心段落只應(yīng)有兩個(gè)組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據(jù)。
段落的主題句也應(yīng)有兩個(gè)部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度，兩者缺一不可。假設(shè)應(yīng)試者被要求寫(xiě)一篇有關(guān)吸煙的議論文，那么 smoking 就是中心段落的主題。請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)主題句：
smoking is a habit of many men.
該主題句暴露出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：(1)作者審題不清;(2)作者沒(méi)有表明對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，議論文要求應(yīng)試者闡明自己對(duì)某問(wèn)題的看法或態(tài)度。因此當(dāng)我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認(rèn)真審題，權(quán)衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場(chǎng)。
如何構(gòu)建段落的主題句呢?
拿到議論文的題目以后，經(jīng)認(rèn)真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關(guān)的例證。我們還用吸煙這個(gè)話題為例：
smoking
1. smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.
2. reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.
3. experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one’s life by about 15
minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.
4. smoking after a meal can also disturb one’s digestive system.
5. heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult’s sexuality.
6. smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.
7. smoking makes one’s mouth smell.
8. the life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.
9. smoking in bed may cause fire..
根據(jù)上面所列出的七個(gè)句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個(gè)主題句，即：
<1> smoking is a bad habit.
<2> smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.
第一個(gè)主題句表明了作者的態(tài)度，但不如第二個(gè)具體，因此在展開(kāi)中心段落時(shí)不僅要談吸煙對(duì)人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對(duì)地具體段落就越好展開(kāi)。但這并不等于說(shuō)第一個(gè)主題句不好;如果主題句太過(guò)具體，段落可展開(kāi)的范圍就會(huì)過(guò)窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會(huì)相對(duì)較少，整篇文章寫(xiě)下來(lái)后可能達(dá)不到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。因此選擇哪一個(gè)主題句要視具體情況而定。
用于支持段落主題句的論據(jù)其實(shí)就是我們開(kāi)始列出的那些例證，但應(yīng)視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個(gè)主題句分別構(gòu)建兩個(gè)不同的中心段落：
(1)
smoking is a bad habit. for one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. for another, regular smoking makes one’s mouth smell bad. and worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. in many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, "cancer stick". experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one’s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine (about 3 grams in weight) can kill a large animal like a horse. some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult’s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one’s digestive system. cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. the impact on such passive smokers (also called second-hand smokers), according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places. (211 words)
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