2016年11月19日雅思閱讀真題回憶

　　引言：還在為雅思考試熬夜奮戰(zhàn)的小伙伴們看過來!為了幫助你們更好進行復習，小編特地整理了歷年考試結束后網(wǎng)友的真題回憶，希望大家通過自己的努力最終拿下滿意的成績!如想了解更多內(nèi)容歡迎關注應屆畢業(yè)生網(wǎng)。

　　—、 考試概述

　　本次考試的文章是三篇舊文章，難度中等。包含歷史發(fā)展類、心理教育以及生物3個領域的文章。劍橋系列可以參考C8T1P1 , C10T2P2以及C10T4P3進行參考練習。

　　二、具體題目分析

　　Passage 1 ：

　　題目：Timekeeper

　　題號：舊題

　　題型：判斷4+配對9

　　文章大意：

　　介紹了幾個古代計時器：sundial, clepsydra，wooden shadow 和 lamp oil candle ,以及這 些計時器的發(fā)展和特征，根據(jù)文章對這四個計時器類型的特點，列出了相關配圖：Clepsydra水漏。利用水滴判斷時間，隨著水滴入燒杯，木架上的重物會上升,每天會有15分鐘的誤差; Wooden shadow測量曰光影子的木條。一頭豎著一個與底端呈現(xiàn)十字形裝的木條，根據(jù)太陽的起落來判斷時間; Lamp oil candle火繩之圖。底拖儀器兩邊各豎一根小棍，右邊的小棍上有羅馬數(shù)字。 在凹槽中點火，根據(jù)燃燒的情況來計時;Sundial 曰暑。

　　參考答案：

　　判斷題1 Y 2 NG 3 Y 4 N

　　配對題 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 A 10 B

　　配對題11 C 12 C 13 D

　　Passage 2 ：

　　題目：Activities for Children

　　題型：判斷題+選擇題

　　題目：舊題

　　參考文章：

　　Activities for Children

　　Twenty-five years ago, children in London walked to school and played in parks after school after weekend. Today they are usually driven to school by parents anxious about safety and spend hours glued to television screens or computer games. Meanwhile, community playing fields are being sold off to property developers at an alarming rate. This change in lifestyle has sadly, meant greater restrictions on children,” says Neil Armstrong, Professor of Health and Exercise Sciences at the University of Exeter.’ If children continue to be this inactive, they’ll be storing up big problems for the future.’

　　In 1985，Professor Armstrong headed a five-year research project into children’s fitness. The results, published in 1990，were alarming. The survey, which monitored 700 11-16-year-olds, found that 48 per cent of girls and 41 per cent of boys already exceeded safe cholesterol levels set for children by the American Heart Foundation. Armstrong adds，“Heart is a muscle and need exercise, or it loses its strength." It also found that 13 per cent of boys and 10 per cent of girls were overweight. More disturbingly, the survey found that over a four-day period，half the girls and one-third of the boys did less exercise than the equivalent of a brisk 10 minute walk. High levels of cholesterol excess body fat and inactivity are believed to increase the risk of coronary heart disease.

　　Physical education is under pressure in the UK - most schools devote little more than 100 minutes a week to it in curriculum time, which is less than many other European countries. Three European countries are giving children a head start in PE，F(xiàn)rance，Austria and Switzerland - offer at least two hours in primary and secondary schools. These findings , from the European Union of Physical Education Associations, prompted specialists in children’ s physiology to call on European governments to give youngsters a daily PE programme. The survey shows that the UK ranks 13th out of the 25 countries, with Ireland bottom，averaging under an hour a week for PE. From age six to 18，British children received，on average, 106 minutes of PE a week. Professor Armstrong，who presented the findings at the meeting，noted that since the introduction of the national curriculum there had been a marked fall in the time devoted to PE in UK schools, with only a minority of pupils getting two hours a week.

　　As a former junior football international, Professor Armstrong is a passionate advocate for sport. Although the Government has poured millions into beefing up sport in the community， there is less commitment to it as part of the crammed school curriculum. This means that many children never acquire the necessary skills to thrive in team games. If they are no good at them, they lose interest and establish an inactive pattern of behaviour. When this is coupled with a poor diet，it will lead inevitably to weight gain. Seventy per cent of British children give up all sport when they leave school，compared with only 20 per cent of French teenagers. Professor Armstrong believes that there is far too great an emphasis on team games at school."We need to look at the time devoted to PE and balance it between individual and pair activities，such as aerobics and badminton，as well as team sports.” He added that children need to have the opportunity to take part in a wide variety of individual， partner and team sports.

　　The good news，however，is that a few small companies and children activity groups have reacted positively and creatively to the problem. “Take That, shouts Gloria Thomas，striking a disco pose astride her mini-space hopper. “Take that，echo a flock of toddlers, adopting outrageous postures astride their space hoppers.‘ Michael Jackson，she shouts, and they all do a spoof fan-crazed shriek. During the wild and chaotic hopper race across the studio floor， commands like this are issued and responded to with untrammelled glee. The sight of 15 bouncing seven-year-olds who seem about to launch into orbit at every bounce brings tears to the eyes. Uncoordinated，loud, excited and emotional, children provide raw comedy.

　　Any cardiovascular exercise is a good option, and it doesn't necessarily have to be high intensity. It can be anything that gets your heart rate up: such as walking the dog，swimming， running, skipping，hiking. " Even walking through the grocery store can be exercise ,” Samis-Smith said. What they don’t know is that they’re at a Fit Kids class, and that the fun is a disguise for the serious exercise plan they’re covertly being taken through. Fit Kids trains parents to run fitness classes for children. ’Ninety per cent of children don't like team sports,’ says company director，Gillian Gale.

　　A Prevention survey found children whose parents keep in shape are much more likely to have healthy body weights themselves. " There、nothing worse than telling a child what he needs to do and not doing it yourself，” says Elizabeth Ward, R.D.，a Boston nutritional consultant and author of Healthy Foods，Healthy Kids' Set a good example and get your nutritional house in order first.” In the 1930s and 40s，kids expended 800 calories a day just walking，carrying water，and doing other chores，notes Fima Lifshitz, M.D , a pediatric endocrinologist in Santa Barbara." Now, kids in obese families are expending only 200 calories a day in 19 physical activity,” says Lifshitz, " incorporate more movement in your family's life-park her away from the stores at the mall, take stairs instead of the elevator，and walk to nearby friends houses instead of driving."

　　Passage 3 ：

　　題名：Elephant Communication

　　題型：填空11+選擇2

　　參考文章：

　　Elephant communication

　　A postdoctoral fellow at Stanford University，O’Connell-Rodwell has come to Namibia's premiere wildlife (保護地)to explore the mysterious and complex world of elephant communication. She and her colleagues are part of a scientific revolution that began nearly two decades ago with the stunning revelation that elephants communicate over long distances using low-frequency sounds, also called (次超聲波)， that are too deep to be heard by most humans.

　　As might be expected，the African elephant, s ability to sense seismic sound may begin in the ears. The (錘骨)of the elephant, s inner ear is proportionally very large for a mammal, but typical for animals that use vibrational signals. It may therefore be a sign that elephants can communicate with seismic sounds. Also，the elephant and its relative the manatee are unique among mammals in having reverted to a reptilian-like cochlear structure in the inner ear. The cochlear of reptiles facilitates a keen sensitivity to vibrations and may do the same in elephants.

　　But other aspects of elephant anatomy also support that ability. First, the enormous bodies, which allow them to generate low-frequency (低音頻的)sounds almost as powerful as those of a jet take off (飛機起飛)，provide ideal frames for receiving ground vibrations and conducting them to the inner ear Second the elephant’s toe bones rest on a fatty pad that might help focus vibrations from the ground into the bone. Finally，the elephant" s enormous brain lies in the (顱腔)behind the eyes in line with the (耳邊). The front of the skull is riddled with sinus cavities that may function as resonating chambers for vibrations from the ground.

　　How the elephants sense these vibrations is still unknown, but 〇’ Connell-Rodvvell who just earned a graduate degree in entomology (昆蟲學)at the University of Hawaii at Manoa， suspects the pachyderms (遲鈍的大家伙)are “listening” with their trunks and feet. The trunk may be the most versatile appendage in nature. Its uses include drinking, bathing, smelling, feeding and scratching. Both trunk and feet contain two kinds of pressure-sensitive nerve endings — one that detects infrasonic vibrations and another that responds to vibrations with slightly higher frequencies. For 〇’Connell-Rodwell, the future of the research is boundless and unpredictable: “Our work is really at the interface of geophysics，(神經(jīng)心理 學)and ecology,” she says. ,”We’re asking questions that no one has really dealt with before.”

　　Scientists have long known that seismic communication is common in small animals, including spiders，scorpions (蝸子)，insects and a number of vertebrate species (脊椎動物) such as white-lipped frogs，blind mole rats，kangaroo rats and golden moles. They also have found evidence of seismic sensitivity in elephant seals — 2-ton marine mammals that are not related to elephants. But 〇• Connell-Rodwell was the first to suggest that a large land animal also is sending and receiving seismic messages.〇p Connell-Rodwell noticed something about the freezing behavior of Etosha's six-ton bulls that reminded her of the tiny insects back in her lab. ”I did my masters thesis on seismic communication in planthoppers，" she says. ”I’d put a male planthopper on a stem and play back a female call，and the male would do the same thing the elephants were doing: He would freeze, then press down on his legs, go forward a little bit then freeze again. It was just so fascinating to me, and it's what got me to think，maybe there's something else going on other than acoustic communication."

　　Scientists have determined that an elephant's ability to communicate over long distances is essential for its survival, particularly in a place like Etosha，where more than 2,400 savanna elephants range over an area larger than New Jersey. 丁he difficulty of finding a mate in this vast wilderness is compounded by elephant reproductive biology. Females breed only when in estrus— a period of sexual arousal that occurs every two years and lasts just a few days. MFemales m estrus make these very low, long calls that bulls home in on, because it’s such a rare event，" O’Connell-Rodwell says. These powerful estrus calls carry more than two miles in the air and may be accompanied by long-distance seismic signals, she adds. Breeding herds also use low-frequency vocalizations (發(fā)出的聲音)to warn of predators.

　　Adult bulls and cows have no enemies, except for humans，but young elephants are susceptible to attacks by lions and hyenas. When a predator appears, older members of the herd emit intense warning calls that prompt the rest of the herd to clump together (聚集成團)for protection, then flee (逃跑). In 1994，Of Connell-Rodwell recorded the dramatic cries of a breeding herd threatened by lions at Mushara. ” The elephants got really scared，and the matriarch (象群首領)made these very powerful warning calls，and then the herd took off screaming and trumpeting (發(fā)喇叭聲) she recalls. "Since then, every time we've played that particular call at the water hole, we get the same response- the elephants take off.”

　　Reacting to a warning call played in the air is one thing，but could the elephants detect calls transmitted only through the ground? To find out the research team in 2002 devised an experiment using electronic equipment that allowed them to send signals through the ground at Mushara. The results of our 2002 study showed us that elephants do indeed detect warning calls played through the ground/ O' Connell-Rodwell observes. "We expected them to clump up into tight groups and leave the area，and that's in fact what they did. But since we only played back one type of call, we couldn't really say whether they were interpreting it correctly. Maybe they thought it was a vehicle or something strange instead of a predator warning.”

　　An experiment last year was designed to solve that problem by using three different recordings - the 1994 warning call from Mushara, an anti-predator call recorded by scientist Joyce Poole in Kenya and an artificial warble tone (人選顫音).Although still analyzing data from this experiment，O’Connell-Rodwell is able to make a few preliminary observations: "The data I’ve seen so far suggest that the elephants were responding like I had expected. When the "94 warning call was played back，they tended to clump together and leave the water hole sooner. But what's really interesting is that the unfamiliar anti-predator call from Kenya also caused them to clump up，get nervous and aggressively rumble-but they didn't necessarily leave. I didn't think it was going to be that clear cut. ”

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