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新GRE閱讀長(zhǎng)難句解析
引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：新GRE閱讀長(zhǎng)難句分析，由應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生培訓(xùn)網(wǎng)整理而成，謝謝您的閱讀。
一、結(jié)構(gòu)解析
1、長(zhǎng)成分
(1)長(zhǎng)從句做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)及其他成分
a、主語(yǔ)從句
b、賓語(yǔ)從句
(2)長(zhǎng)狀語(yǔ)
(3)層層修飾
(4)并列成分
2、常見倒裝搭配
(1)及物動(dòng)詞加介詞：固定詞組的固定搭配中，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)倒裝情況，如：bring A to B，寫作：bring to B A
例：Yet Waltzer’s argument , however deficient , does point to oneof the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings topredominant positions in a society people who ,no matter howlegitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack thoseother qualities that evoke affection or admiration.
類似的情況：throw over , insert into , import into , infer from, establish for , advocate as 等
(2)及物動(dòng)詞加副詞
例：make possible …(單詞或者句子)
3、省略的幾種情況
(1)重復(fù)的成分
(2)讓步轉(zhuǎn)折的省略：如although (but)
(3)定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞的省略which(that )
(4)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞和系動(dòng)詞同時(shí)省略，變成后置定語(yǔ)
如：qualities(such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in producing wealth
4、 短語(yǔ)被分割
如：such as, so that , too to , more than , from A to B , between A and B
5、多重否定
如：Despite these vague categories , one should not claimunequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot belegitimately observed .
6、難句分析舉例
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealthdetached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almostequally detached from the responsible management of business.
[句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industrygreatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
[語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]本句是典型的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，難點(diǎn)在其主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定，并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，一個(gè)是(which was)representing…，另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…。
可見，定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu)，從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
[句子翻譯] 對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分，代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離，而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。
二、實(shí)例分析
1. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
但是，要想沿著原生和非原生物質(zhì)之間的界面獲取生理特性的必要匹配，需要某種知識(shí)，即什么樣的分子控制著細(xì)胞彼此間的結(jié)合——而對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域，我們尚未進(jìn)行充分的探索。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾
解釋：本句這樣的復(fù)雜修飾和插入語(yǔ)的作用差不多;主語(yǔ)achieving necessary matches之后的修飾成分in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter把主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)requires分開。值得注意的是修飾賓主的of which molecules 中的which在此不是定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，而是一個(gè)形容詞，意思是哪個(gè)。
意群訓(xùn)練：But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and nonliving matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.
2. Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding,of course,a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
伊斯蘭法是一種如此不同于所有其它法律形式的現(xiàn)象——毋庸置疑，盡管就其主要內(nèi)容和有積極意義的法規(guī)而言，與其它法律形式中的這種或那種形式存在著相當(dāng)數(shù)量的且不可避免的巧合相似之處——以致于對(duì)它進(jìn)行研究便顯得不可或缺，以便充分理解有可能存在的法律現(xiàn)象的全部范圍。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞
解釋：這是一個(gè)被GRE考生尊稱為No.題三大難文章之一的伊斯蘭法中的臭名昭著的句子。本句插入語(yǔ)前后都不難，關(guān)鍵是如何對(duì)待這段插入語(yǔ)。
首先，插入語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，在原文中有四行。筆者在前面不只一次提醒讀者，三行心目的插入語(yǔ)必須跳過，看懂前后的內(nèi)容再回頭來看插入語(yǔ)。插入語(yǔ)難懂的第一個(gè)原因是其中混有大量的抽象詞和法律術(shù)語(yǔ);還有一個(gè)重要原因，那就是它其實(shí)不是一個(gè)完整的句子。把插入語(yǔ)中所有的修飾成分扒光，只剩下一個(gè)單詞：coinsidences，而主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)it has則被作者省略。
不管從哪個(gè)角度上來看，這句話中的那個(gè)插入語(yǔ)都極像是ETS布下的一個(gè)陷阱：首先，插入語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容對(duì)理解文章毫無作用;其次，考試中對(duì)插入語(yǔ)也出題;第三，其實(shí)這句話中的插入語(yǔ)根本不必讀。也可以根據(jù)插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容用合理化原則的取非讀法猜出其意思。插入語(yǔ)前后的內(nèi)容是伊斯蘭法與其他法律不同，插入部分以notwithstanding開關(guān)，又有of course,可見插入部分一定是讓步證據(jù)，因此可以對(duì)前后的內(nèi)容取非，猜出插入部分一定是在說伊斯蘭法與其他法律有相同之處。
句末的in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena中，包含一個(gè)倒裝;正常語(yǔ)序的appreciate the full range of possible legal phenomena adequately中的副詞adequately被提到appreciate的賓語(yǔ)之前。
Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law-notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned-that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.
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