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限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法

時(shí)間:2022-10-20 11:00:11 英語(yǔ) 我要投稿

限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法

  定語(yǔ)從句是由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句,其作用是作定語(yǔ)修飾主句的某個(gè)名詞性成分,相當(dāng)于形容詞,所以又稱為形容詞性從句,一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。以下是小編幫大家整理的限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法,希望能夠幫助到大家。

  限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法1

  限制性定語(yǔ)從句是對(duì)先行詞的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格、明確限定的定語(yǔ)從句,與先行詞的意思關(guān)系非常緊密。

  此時(shí)如果把限制性從句移除,先行詞的意思就會(huì)受影響,意思不完整、不清楚或者有很大的變化。

  所以,限制性定語(yǔ)從句是不能移除的。

  例如:

  Give me the article that tells our company.

  把講述我們公司的文章給我。

  (限定的是“講述我們公司的那篇文章”,而不是別的文章)

  Which is the motorb ike that you fixed on the 12th?

  哪輛是你12號(hào)修理的摩托車(chē)?

  (限定的是“你12號(hào)修的那輛摩托車(chē)”,不是別的或者其他日子修的摩托車(chē))

  說(shuō)到定語(yǔ)從句大家肯定都很熟,但是關(guān)于定語(yǔ)從句中總有一個(gè)痛處那就是非限制性定語(yǔ) non-restrictive/ non-defining attributive clauses和限制性定語(yǔ)從句restrictive attributive clause;其實(shí)區(qū)分很簡(jiǎn)單,從形式上一句話:“which”前面有逗號(hào)的叫非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,沒(méi)有逗號(hào)的就是限制性定語(yǔ)從句;

  但是它們的難點(diǎn)其實(shí)根本不在于形式上的區(qū)分,而在于什么時(shí)候該用限制性定語(yǔ)從句和什么時(shí)候該非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,那么就不得不探究一下它們分別的作用;限制性定語(yǔ)從句:用于對(duì)先行詞的意義進(jìn)行修飾,限制和識(shí)別,如果去掉,就會(huì)造成句意不完整或概念不清;

  比如:

  We arrived the day that(on which) they left.如果把這里的定語(yǔ)從句去掉意思就會(huì)不完整或者改變;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚完整。

  Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.

  彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見(jiàn)過(guò)他。這里把定語(yǔ)從句去掉也不會(huì)影響這句話的主要意思;

  The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.

  這劇本是那個(gè)時(shí)期的典型作品,風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板。

  Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.

  水是一種清澈的液體,有許多用途。

  比如:

  I have a brother who is a doctor.

  (言外之意是我的弟弟不止1個(gè))

  I have a brother , who is a doctor.

  (言外之意是我只有一個(gè)弟弟)

  總之,限制性定語(yǔ)從句能不能用主要就看前面的先行詞能不能被分類, 如果上個(gè)例子中我只有1個(gè)弟弟那就只能用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)楦静恍枰孟拗菩远ㄕZ(yǔ)從句分類挑出來(lái);同理,只有當(dāng)我有好幾個(gè)弟弟的時(shí)候,才能用限制性定語(yǔ)從句去區(qū)分

  限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法2

  我們知道,as和which作為關(guān)系代詞都可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容,在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),但它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ嫌袇^(qū)別,這一點(diǎn)許多學(xué)生往往搞不清楚,F(xiàn)就它們引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法簡(jiǎn)述如下:

  一、相同之處

  當(dāng)從句位于主句之后,引導(dǎo)詞指代整個(gè)主句所表達(dá)的全部意義時(shí),as和which可以互換。如:

  The elephant is like a snake,as/which everybody can see.

  大家都看得出,這頭大象像條蛇。

  A big earthquake occurred there last night,as/which was reported on TV.

  據(jù)電視報(bào)道,昨夜那里發(fā)生了大地震。

  She is from Shanghai,as/which I know from her accent.

  她來(lái)自上海,那是我從她的口音知道的。

  二、不同之處

  1、as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),位置比較靈活,可位于主句之前,也可位于主句之中或之后;而which引導(dǎo)非限制定語(yǔ)從句只能位于主句之后,不能位于主句之前。如:

  _______ is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth.

  A.It B.As C.That D.Which

  答案:B

  _______ is mentioned above,the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing.

  A.Which B.As C.That D.It

  答案:B

  Air,as we know,is a gas.眾所周知,空氣是一種氣體。

  He is very careful,as his work shows.

  他的工作表現(xiàn)表明他非常謹(jǐn)慎。

  as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常有“如同......那樣”的含義,因此在一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:

  as we know;as is known to all(眾所周知)

  as we all can see(正如我們大家都能看到的那樣)

  as has been said before/above(正如前面所述)

  as might be imagined(可以想象得到)

  as might be expected(正如所預(yù)料的那樣)

  as is often the case(情況通常是這樣)

  以上種種固定搭配,一般不能用which代替as。

  2、搭配上,在由the same或such所修飾的名詞后通常用as作關(guān)系代詞引出非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。如:

  I have got into the same trouble as he (has).

  我遇到了與他一樣的麻煩。

  I've never heard of such a moving story as he is telling.

  我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)像他講得那么有趣的故事。

  3、which引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句,可以用and this代替,意思是“這件事”;as引導(dǎo)的從句主要起連接上下文的作用,表達(dá)說(shuō)話人的觀點(diǎn)、看法,并指出主句內(nèi)容的根據(jù)或出處等。如:

  He sold his new car,which surprised me.

  =He sold his new car,and this serprised me.

  Einstein,as we know,is a famous scientist.

  我們都知道,愛(ài)因斯坦是一位著名的科學(xué)家。

  As is known to all,Taiwan is part of China.

  眾所周知,臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)的一部分。

  4、當(dāng)which在從句中指代的是先行詞本身而不是主句時(shí),不可用as代替which。如:

  The peach tree,which I planted last year,has not borne any fruit.

  這棵桃樹(shù)是我去年種下的,還沒(méi)有結(jié)出任何果實(shí)。

  The book,which I bought yesterday,is very instructive.

  我昨天買(mǎi)的這本書(shū)很有教育意義。

  5、在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),which既可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ),也可作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ),而as只可作系動(dòng)詞be的主語(yǔ)。如:

  He married her,which was nature.(可用as代替which)

  他和她結(jié)婚了,這是很自然的事。

  She met the boy,which delighted her.(不可用as代替which)

  她見(jiàn)到了那個(gè)男孩,這使得她很高興。

  He failed in the exam again,which made his parents very angry.

  他考試有不及格了,這是他父母很生氣。

  6、as引導(dǎo)的從句在意義上不可與主語(yǔ)相悖,而which引導(dǎo)的從句則不受此限制。

  Mum treats me like a baby,which I can't bear.

  媽媽把我當(dāng)小孩看待,這是我不能忍受的。

  限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法3

  who引導(dǎo)

  Our guide,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.

  我們的向?qū),一個(gè)法裔加拿大人,擅長(zhǎng)于烹調(diào)。

  My gardener,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no apples this year.

  我家的園丁非常悲觀,他說(shuō)今年將不結(jié)蘋(píng)果。

  whom引導(dǎo)

  關(guān)系代詞whom用于指人,在句中作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ),作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),介詞可位于句首。

  如:Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.

  彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見(jiàn)過(guò)他。

  Mr Smith,from whom I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.

  史密斯先生是一位著名的科學(xué)家,我從他那兒學(xué)了許多東西。

  whose引導(dǎo)

  whose是關(guān)系代詞who的所有格形式,在從句中作定語(yǔ)。whose通常指人,也可指動(dòng)物或無(wú)生命的事物。

  如:The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.

  那位父親是位工程師小男孩學(xué)習(xí)很努力。

  Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.

  在樹(shù)林的高處是山,其壯麗的景色完全映照在河面上。

  The play,whose style is rigidly formal,is typical of the period.

  這劇本是那個(gè)時(shí)期的典型作品,風(fēng)格拘謹(jǐn)刻板。

  which引導(dǎo)

  關(guān)系代詞which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語(yǔ)、其他從句或整個(gè)主句,在從句中作主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。

 、 which指代主句中的名詞,被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動(dòng)物的名詞、表示單數(shù)意義的集體名詞以及表示職業(yè)、品格等的名詞。

  如:These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.

  這些蘋(píng)果樹(shù)是我三年前栽的,還沒(méi)有結(jié)過(guò)果實(shí)。

  She is an artist,which I am not.

  她是一位藝術(shù)家,而我不是。

  Water,which is a clear liquid,has many uses.

  水是一種清澈的液體,有許多用途。

  The two policemen were completely trusted,which in fact they were.

  那兩個(gè)警察完全受到信任,事實(shí)上也確實(shí)如此。

 、 which指代主句中的形容詞。

  如:She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was.

  她對(duì)孩子們很耐心,她丈夫卻很少這樣。

  She is always careless,which we should not be.

  她總是馬虎大意,我們可不應(yīng)該這樣。

  ③ which指代主句中的某個(gè)從句。

  如:He said that he had never seen her before,which was not true.

  他說(shuō)以前從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)她,這不是真的。

 、 which指代整個(gè)主句。

  如:In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.

  在那么多人面前他有點(diǎn)緊張,這是可以理解的。

  He may have acute appendicitis,in which case he will have to be operated on.

  他可能得了急性盲腸炎,如果是這樣,他就得動(dòng)手術(shù)。

  When deeply absorbed in work,which he often was,he would forget all about eating and sleeping.

  他經(jīng)常聚精會(huì)神地工作,這時(shí)他會(huì)廢寢忘食。

  when引導(dǎo)

  關(guān)系副詞when在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),指代主句中表示時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。

  如:He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.

  他將把郊游推遲到5月1號(hào),那時(shí)他將有空。

  where引導(dǎo)

  副詞where在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ),指代主句中表示地點(diǎn)的'詞語(yǔ)。

  如:They went to London,where they lived for six months.

  他們?nèi)チ藗惗,在那兒呆了六個(gè)月的時(shí)間。

  as引導(dǎo)

  as引出非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),代替整個(gè)主句,對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明但通常用于像as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),且引出的從句位置比較靈活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。as有“正如……, 就像……”之意。

  如:As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.

  美國(guó)人都知道,馬克·吐溫是一位偉大的美國(guó)作家。(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))

  He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case.

  他忘了帶筆,這是常事。(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))

  He is absorbed in work, as he often was.

  他正在全神貫注地工作,他過(guò)去經(jīng)常這樣。(as在從句中作表語(yǔ))

  As we all know, the earth is round.

  眾所周知,地球是圓的。(as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))

  The two brothers were satisfied with this decision,as was agreed beforehand.

  兩兄弟對(duì)此決定都滿意,這項(xiàng)決定在事前都已得到他們的同意。(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))

  Taiwan is,as you know,an inseparable part of China.

  你知道,臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)不可分割的一部分。(as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))

  “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:在介詞后引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

  難:句意相同

  as it is known to all (that...) (as 做狀語(yǔ)從句連詞,是狀語(yǔ)從句, 可以加that)

  與 as is known to all (as做主語(yǔ),是定語(yǔ)從句)

  與 it is known to all that... (主語(yǔ)從句,it是形式主語(yǔ))

  即:As is widely known, the moon is closer to the us than the sun.(定從)

  = That the moon is closer to the us than the sun is widely known.(主從)

  = It is widely known that the moon is closer to the us than the sun.(主從)

  As it is known to everyone, I thought you knew about it too.(狀從)[1]

  關(guān)系代詞which有時(shí)并不代表主句中某一確定的詞,而是概括整個(gè)主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的搭配。

  They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the yield would be halved.

  他們?nèi)贝钇咸鸭艿臈U兒,沒(méi)有它們產(chǎn)量會(huì)減少一半。

  They thanked Tom,without whose support they would not have succeeded.

  他們很感激Tom,沒(méi)有他的支持他們是不會(huì)成功的。

  特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

  “名詞/代詞+of+which / whom”

  It now has 20,000 hectares of land,more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.

  現(xiàn)在它擁有兩萬(wàn)公頃土地,其中三分之二之多已經(jīng)耕種。

  Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300000 kilometer per second.

  光是世界上最快的東西,它的速度是每秒30萬(wàn)千米。

  There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.

  大廳里有三十把椅子,絕大部分是新的。

  The textile mill has over 8,000 workers and staff,eighty per cent of whom are women.

  這家紡織廠有8千多職工,女職工占百分之八十。

  限制性定語(yǔ)從句用法4

  一、在句中作用不同

  限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確。限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。

  非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切,只是對(duì)其作一些附加說(shuō)明,不起限定制約作用。如果將非限制性定語(yǔ)從句省去,主句的意義仍然完整。

  二、外在表現(xiàn)形式不同

  限制性定語(yǔ)從句因與先行詞關(guān)系密切,所以不可以用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi);而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切,所以可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。

  例 1. Do you remember the girl who taught us English?

  你還記得教我們英語(yǔ)的那個(gè)女孩嗎?

  例 2. Clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.

  鐘是一種能夠告訴人們時(shí)間的儀器。

  例 3. This is the place where he used to live.

  這就是他過(guò)去居住的地方。

  例 4. Mr. Zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.

  張先生昨天來(lái)看我,他是我的一位朋友。

  例 5. We walked down the village street, where they were having market day.

  我們沿著村里的大街向前走去,村民們正在那里趕集。

  析:在前三個(gè)例句中,定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切,為限制性定語(yǔ)從句,不可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。在后兩個(gè)例句中,定語(yǔ)從句與先行詞關(guān)系不密切,為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,可用逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。

  三、先行詞內(nèi)容有所不同

  大多數(shù)限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞往往為某一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ),而特殊情況下非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞也可為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句常由 which 引導(dǎo)。

  例 1. A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.

  一個(gè)中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫,這令我十分恐懼。

  析:由語(yǔ)境可知,令“我”恐懼的內(nèi)容應(yīng)為“中年女子殺害了自己的丈夫”這整個(gè)一件事,因此先行詞為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)應(yīng)由 which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

  例 2. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.

  一個(gè)五歲男孩會(huì)講兩門(mén)外語(yǔ),這令所有在場(chǎng)的人感到非常驚訝。

  析:由語(yǔ)境可知,令所有在場(chǎng)的人感到驚訝的內(nèi)容是“一個(gè)五歲男孩會(huì)講兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)”這整個(gè)一件事,因此先行詞為整個(gè)主句,此時(shí)應(yīng)由 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

  四、關(guān)系詞的使用情況有所不同

 。ㄒ唬 that 不可用于引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

  所有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞均可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,大多數(shù)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,但 that 不可。

  例 1. 他送給他母親一臺(tái)彩電作為生日禮物,這使她非常高興。

  誤: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.

  正: He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.

  例 2. 他沒(méi)通過(guò)這次考試,令我很失望。

  誤: He didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.

  正: He didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.

  值得注意的是,不少同學(xué)誤認(rèn)為只有 which 才能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是不正確的。使用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),如果先行詞指人,則用 who , which 或 whose 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;先行詞指物可用 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句;先行詞表時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)且在從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),可用 when , where 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

  例 1. We'll graduate in July, when we will be free.

  我們將于七月份畢業(yè),到那時(shí)我們就自由了。

  例 2. Last Sunday they reached Nanjing, where a conference was to be held.

  他們上周日到達(dá)南京,有個(gè)會(huì)議要在那里舉行。

 。ǘ╆P(guān)系代詞替代情況不同

  關(guān)系代詞 whom 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)不可用 who 來(lái)代替。

  例 1. This is the girl whom I met in the street.

  這是我在街上遇到的那個(gè)女孩。

  析:先行詞 the girl 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),可用 who 代替 whom .

  例 2. A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.

  一個(gè)年輕的小伙子新交了一個(gè)女朋友,他想給她留下深刻的印象。

  析:先行詞 a new girl friend 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),不可用 who 代替 whom .

  在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,先行詞指人時(shí)可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中先行詞指人時(shí),不可用 that 代替 who/whom .

  例:她有一個(gè)姐姐,她是教師。

  誤: She has a sister, that is a teacher.

  正: She has a sister, who is teacher.

 。ㄈ╆P(guān)系代詞省略情況不同

  關(guān)系代詞在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的所有關(guān)系詞均不可省。

  例 1. This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.

  這就是他昨天丟的那本書(shū)。

  析:先行詞 the book 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),關(guān)系代詞 which 或 that 可以省略。

  例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.

  他昨天丟了這本書(shū),但現(xiàn)在已找到了。

  析:先行詞 the book 在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),關(guān)系代詞 which 不可省。

 。蹖(shí)戰(zhàn)演練]

  1. She heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.

  A. it B. which C. this D. that

  2. Have you ever been to Xi'an, _________ I left ten years ago.

  A. which B. whose C. that D. /

  3. The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.

  A. what B. which C. that D. it

  4. His English, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.

  A. which B. that C. it D . whom

  5. Some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes o

  ur journey more difficult.

  A. that B. it C. which D. who

  6. I'll find a nice girl, _________ I want to marry.

  A. who B. whom C. that D. which

  7. I'll come at ten, ________ I'll be free.

  A. which B. that C. when D. what

  8. She has two brothers, _________ are teachers.

  A. who B. that C. whom D. /

  9. Which answer is NOT true?

  This is the factory ________ I visited yesterday.

  A. that B. which C. / D. where

  10. I still remember the days _________ I spent in Beijing.

  A. when B. what C. that D. during

  Key:

  1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C

  6. B 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. C

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