二作文中常見(jiàn)的有關(guān)句子方面的問(wèn)題，因此寫(xiě)作時(shí)不妨多變換幾種表達(dá)方式如，詞性誤用常表現(xiàn)為介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用形容詞當(dāng)副詞用名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等，人一旦有了錢(qián)他就能想干什么就干什么。
英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作句子
1.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮withtheboomingoftheeconomy
2.隨著人民生活水平的顯著提高withtheremarkableimprovementofpeople'slivingstandard
3.先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)advancedscienceandtechnology
4.為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钤鎏砹饲槿ddmuchspice/flavortoourdailylife
5.人們普遍認(rèn)為Itiscommonlybelievedthat…
6.我同意前者(后者)觀點(diǎn)Igivemyvotetotheformer/latteropinion.
7.引起了廣泛的公眾關(guān)注Sth.hasarousedwidepublicconcern./Sthhasdrawngreatpublicattention.
8.不可否認(rèn)Itisundeniablethat…
9.熱烈的討論/爭(zhēng)論aheateddiscussion/debate
10.有爭(zhēng)議性的問(wèn)題acontroversialissue
11.就我而言/就個(gè)人而言AsfarasIamconcerned,/Personally,
12.有充分的理由支持besupportedbysoundreasons
13.雙方的論點(diǎn)argumentonbothsides
14.發(fā)揮日益重要作用playanincreasinglyimportantrolein…
15.對(duì)…必不可少beindispensableto…
16.正如諺語(yǔ)所說(shuō)Astheproverbgoes:
17.對(duì)…產(chǎn)生有利/不利的影響exertpositive/negativeeffectson…
18.利遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于弊Theadvantagesfaroutweighthedisadvantages.
19.導(dǎo)致，引起leadto/giveriseto/contributeto/resultin
20.復(fù)雜的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象acomplicatedsocialphenomenon
21.責(zé)任感/成就感senseofresponsibility/achievement
22.競(jìng)爭(zhēng)與合作精神senseofcompetitionandcooperation
23.開(kāi)闊眼界widenone'shorizon/broadenone'svision
24.學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)和技能acquireknowledgeandskills
25.經(jīng)濟(jì)/心理負(fù)擔(dān)financialburden/psychologicalburden
26.考慮到諸多因素takemanyfactorsintoconsideration
27.從另一個(gè)角度f(wàn)romanotherperspective
28.做出共同努力makejointefforts
29.對(duì)…有益bebeneficialto/beconduciveto…
30.為社會(huì)做貢獻(xiàn)makecontributionstothesociety
31.打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)layasolidfoundationfor…
32.綜合素質(zhì)comprehensivequality
33.致力于/投身于becommitted/devotedto…
34.應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn)Admittedly,
35.不可推卸的義務(wù)unshakableduty
36.滿足需求satisfy/meettheneedsof...
37.可靠的信息源areliablesourceofinformation
38.寶貴的自然資源valuablenaturalresources
39.因特網(wǎng)theInternet(一定要由冠詞，字母I大寫(xiě))
40.方便快捷convenientandefficient
41.在人類(lèi)生活的方方面面inallaspectsofhumanlife
42.環(huán)保的材料environmentallyfriendlymaterials
43.社會(huì)進(jìn)步的體現(xiàn)asymbolofsocietyprogress
44.大大方便了人們的生活Sthhasgreatlyfacilitatedpeople'slives.
45.對(duì)這一問(wèn)題持有不同態(tài)度holddifferentattitudestowardsthisissue
46.在一定程度上tosomeextent
47.理論和實(shí)踐相結(jié)合integratetheorywithpractice
48.…必然趨勢(shì)anirresistibletrendof…
49.日益激烈的社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)theincreasinglykeensocialcompetition
50.眼前利益immediateinterest/short-terminterest
51.長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益long-teminterest
52.…有其自身的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)…h(huán)asitsownmeritsanddemerits/prosandcons
53.對(duì)…有害doharmto/beharmfulto/bedetrimentalto
54.交流思想/情感/信息exchangeideas/emotions/information
55.跟上…的最新發(fā)展keeppacewith/keepabreastwiththelatestdevelopmentof…
56.…的健康發(fā)展thehealthydevelopmentof…
57.重視attachgreatimportanceto…
58.社會(huì)地位socialstatus
59.把時(shí)間和精力放在…上focusone'stimeandenergyon…
60.擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面expandone'sscopeofknowledge
61.身心兩方面bothphysicallyandmentally
62.有直接/間接關(guān)系bedirectly/indirectlyrelatedto…
63.導(dǎo)致很多問(wèn)題giveriseto/leadto/spellvariousproblems
64.可以替代think的詞believe,claim,maintain,argue,insist,holdtheopinion/belief/viewthat
65.緩解壓力/減輕負(fù)擔(dān)relievestre/burden
66.優(yōu)先考慮/發(fā)展…give(top)prioritytosth.
67.與…比較comparedwith…/incomparisonwith
68.可降解的/可分解的材料degradable/decomposablematerial
69.代替replace/substitute/taketheplaceof
70.提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)offerjobopportunities
71.反映了社會(huì)進(jìn)步的mirrorthesocialprogress/advance
72.增進(jìn)相互了解enhance/promotemutualunderstanding
73.充分利用makefulluseof/takeadvantageof
74.承受更大的工作壓力sufferfromheavierworkpressure
75.保障社會(huì)穩(wěn)定和繁榮guaranteethestabilityandprosperityofoursociety
76.更多地強(qiáng)調(diào)putmoreemphasison…
77.適應(yīng)社會(huì)發(fā)展adaptoneselftothesocialdevelopment
78.實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想realizeone'sdream
79.主要理由列舉如下Themain/leadingreasonsarelistedasfollows:
80.我們還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走Westillhavealongwaytogo.
英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作：句子
句子
一、句子的基本常識(shí)
1．英文的基本句型
1）主+系+表：Iamauniversitystudent./Ifeelproudofmyself./Theleavesturngreenwhenspringcomes.
2）主+動(dòng)+（狀）：Istudyveryhard./IhavepreparedfortheTEM-4foralongtime.
3）主+動(dòng)+賓：IreadEnglishbooks./I’vememorizedallthewordsinthewordlist.
4）主+動(dòng)+賓+賓：Prof.Kanggavemealotofassignmentseveryday./Iwrotemyteacheraletteryesterday.
5）主+動(dòng)+賓+補(bǔ)：Thelittleboyfoundtheboxempty./We’llmakeourcountrygreenerandmorebeautiful.
2．英文句子的特性
Unity;Coherence,Conciseness;Emphasis;Variety
二．作文中常見(jiàn)的有關(guān)句子方面的問(wèn)題
1、句式的口語(yǔ)化
口語(yǔ)化的特點(diǎn)在句型上表現(xiàn)為簡(jiǎn)單句的比例遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)復(fù)雜句和復(fù)合句。
A.句型多樣化
句型多樣化指在語(yǔ)法正確、結(jié)構(gòu)完整的前提下，根據(jù)句意使句式富有變化，生動(dòng)活潑，重點(diǎn)突出，以增加文章的“閃光點(diǎn)”。寫(xiě)作時(shí)如果只用主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單形式，就會(huì)使文章因句式簡(jiǎn)單而顯得平淡枯燥。例如：
Manypeoplewatchtelevision.Theyspendsomuchtimeinfrontofit.Theyneverreallyexperiencetheirownlives.
這幾個(gè)句子讀起來(lái)簡(jiǎn)單乏味，句子之間缺乏必要的聯(lián)系，但如果適當(dāng)?shù)貙⒏骶溥B接起來(lái)，改為Manypeoplespendsomuchtimeinfrontoftelevisionthattheyneverreallyexperiencedtheirownlives.就會(huì)使之更生動(dòng)一些。
句式變化并不意味著將簡(jiǎn)單句都變成復(fù)合句或并列復(fù)合句，而是要根據(jù)詞句關(guān)系，運(yùn)用一些寫(xiě)作技巧和相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)使句式更靈活、活潑。例如，考生在寫(xiě)作時(shí)非常喜歡用Weshould…來(lái)表明一種態(tài)度或做法。如果一篇作文中幾次出現(xiàn)這樣的句型，就會(huì)使文章顯得單1
調(diào)、死板、句型單一。因此，寫(xiě)作時(shí)不妨多變換幾種表達(dá)方式，如：
Itwillbewiseforusto…
Itisimportantforusto…
Onlywhenwetakemeasuresnow,canwe…
下面是幾種常見(jiàn)的變換句型的方式，供參考：
a.運(yùn)用從屬連詞(after,because,if,although,sothat,etc.)
Thethiefdisguisedhimself.Noonewouldrecognizehim.
----Thethiefdisguisedhimself,sothatnoonewouldrecognizehim.
b.運(yùn)用分詞、不定式短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)和副詞等，置于句首，使句型多樣化
Hesawanoldwomangetonthebus,hequicklystooduptoofferhertheseat.
-----Seeinganoldwomangetonthebus,hequicklystooduptoofferhertheseat.
c.運(yùn)用同位語(yǔ)形式
Mydesiretogoabroadwillsoonbecomeareality.Ithasbeenadreamallofmylife.
----Mydesiretogoabroad,adreamallofmylife,willsoonbecomeareality.
d.使用強(qiáng)調(diào)句、倒裝句等句型
Itmustbemadeuseofproperly,thenitcanproducegoodeffects.
----Onlywhenitismadeuseofproperly,canitproducegoodeffects.
Englishbecomesmoreimportant.Allofusknowthefact.Oursocietyismoreopentotheworld.Butitisdifficulttolearn.IhavelearnedEnglishforsevenyears.ButIstillcannotcommanditwell.BecauseEnglishisdifferentfromChinese.Andwehaven’tanenvironment.
整篇文章成了簡(jiǎn)單句的堆積。這種作文只能是中學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)水平，語(yǔ)法基本沒(méi)問(wèn)題，但句子支離破碎，語(yǔ)義缺少連貫，句型沒(méi)有變化。請(qǐng)看修改后的文章。
ItiswellknownthatEnglishhasbecomeincreasinglyimportant,especiallytoasocietymoreopentotheoutsideworld.Itisdifficult,however,tohaveabettercommandofit----althoughIhavelearnedEnglishfor7years---becauseofitscompletedifferencefromChineseandofthelackofanEnglish-speakingenvironment.
同樣的意思，文章的質(zhì)量就完全不一樣：句型復(fù)雜有變化，語(yǔ)義連貫有層次。
2
B.結(jié)構(gòu)變化
一篇文章中要力求句子結(jié)構(gòu)豐富多樣。除了簡(jiǎn)單句，我們可用and,notonly…butalso等連接的復(fù)合句，用because,if,although,which等連接的復(fù)雜句，用分詞短語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)，不定式短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。那么除了這些在我們的作文中還可以看到的結(jié)構(gòu)，還有一些較少在我們作文中看到的結(jié)構(gòu)，更能使文章增光添彩。
a.雙重否定句
b.比較級(jí)句
比較英漢句子，英語(yǔ)通過(guò)比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)意思的句子遠(yuǎn)比漢語(yǔ)多得多。
c.同位語(yǔ)
d.平行排比句
e.設(shè)問(wèn)句
f.后置修飾語(yǔ)
g.插入語(yǔ)
h.被動(dòng)句
i.名詞化句子
WatchingtoomuchTVwillaffectyourstudies.
----HeavyexposuretoTVwillinterferewithone’sstudies.
j.運(yùn)用破折符號(hào)
就句子而言，能夠運(yùn)用復(fù)雜，且句式不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)思想是一篇文章老練成熟的標(biāo)志。
2、中式英語(yǔ)過(guò)于嚴(yán)重，用漢語(yǔ)思維，逐字翻譯
許多學(xué)生的作文漢語(yǔ)味道十足、特別生硬。
大哥bigbrother(elderbrother),家庭教師afamilyteacher(atutor),售貨員asellinggoodsperson(salesman),抓住機(jī)會(huì)catch/grasptheopportunity(seizetheopportunity),找借口findanexcuse(makeanexcuse),一貧如洗aspoorasiswashed(aspooraschurchmouse),大雨bigrain(heavyrain),遵守時(shí)間obeythetime(bepunctual),多如牛毛asmuchasacow’shair(asplentifulasblackberries)
3
再比如：
a.我父親很有意思。Myfatherisamanofmeaning.
b.我作弊沒(méi)有被發(fā)現(xiàn)，很幸運(yùn)。Iwastheluckoftheexam.
以下是作文中常出現(xiàn)的漢化英語(yǔ)及其改進(jìn)，
a.Theartists’workpushesourcivilizationtoahigherlevel.
---Artists’workupgradesourcivilization.
b.Hewillgetahighersalarytoimprovehislivinglevel.
---Hewillgetahighersalary,thusimprovinghislife.
c.Theycan’tanalyzeclearlywhatisrightandwhatiswrong.
---Thecan’ttellrightfromwrong.
d.Inordertosuittheneedsofenteringintowork,studentsmustgraspsometechnicalskills.---Inordertomeettheneedsofenteringintowork,studentsmustlearnsomepracticalskills.e.Nooneknowsallthethings.
---Nooneknowseverything.
3、表達(dá)不清楚
1)句子錯(cuò)誤
a.粘連句(Fusedsentence&Run-onsentence)
粘連句指一句話中包含兩個(gè)或更多的意思，但是這些意思之間沒(méi)有用恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)點(diǎn)等分割開(kāi)來(lái)。比如：
Imetanoldmanwasstandingbythestreet.
---Imetanoldmanwhowasstandingbythestreet.
---Imetanoldman.Hewasstandingbythestreet.
Allthegiftswehaveorderedhavearrivedmanyofthemarebroken.
---Allthegiftswehaveorderedhavearrived.Manyofthemarebroken.
b.逗號(hào)連接句(Commasplice)
逗號(hào)連接句指用逗號(hào)連接兩個(gè)分句。在漢語(yǔ)中，我們可以用逗號(hào)連接兩句話，但是英語(yǔ)中的逗號(hào)只能表明語(yǔ)氣上的短暫停頓，而不能表示兩個(gè)分句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。4
Mycarwouldn’tstartthismorning,thebatterywasdead.
---Mycarwouldn’---Mycarwouldn’tstartthismorning;thebatterywasdead.
Itisrainingheavilyoutside,sheisstilltyingtogotothetheater.Weareoutofmoney,wedecidenottoeatoutontheweekend.c.不完整句(Sentencefragment)
不完整句指那些看似一句話，但實(shí)際上只是一個(gè)句子的一部分的結(jié)構(gòu)。如果我們不小心，就可能在作文中寫(xiě)出一些自以為是句子但實(shí)際上只是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)的東西來(lái)。比如：Shewentonwithherwork.Crying.Aftersheturedthestreetcorner,ahugebuildingwithpeoplerushinginandoutcontinuously.
---Aftersheturedthestreetcorner,ahugebuildingwithpeoplerushinginandoutcontinuously.
Manypeopledon’tlikelivinginbigcities.Becausethelifeistoobusythere.
---Manypeopledon’d.修飾語(yǔ)位置錯(cuò)誤(Misplacedmodifier)
Misplacedwords---adverbs
Henearlylosttendollarslastnight.(Didhehaveanarrowescapebutlosenothing?)
MisplacedphrasesMisplacedclausese.垂懸修飾語(yǔ)(Danglingmodifier)
垂懸修飾語(yǔ)是指和句子中的其它成分沒(méi)有任何語(yǔ)法聯(lián)系的一組詞。
Afterfinishinghisspeech,theaudiencewasinvitedtoaskquestions.
---Afterfinishinghisspeech,heinvitedtheaudiencetoaskquestions.
Reading,thedoorbellrang.(Wasthedoorbellreading?)
---Whilereading,Iheardthedoorbellring.
f.并列結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤(Faultyparallelism)
并列結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤就是排比或者并列結(jié)構(gòu)，一般由and,aswellas或者notonly…butalso連接。英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣上在排比結(jié)構(gòu)中使用相同的語(yǔ)法格式，如果前面用名詞，那么后面的并列結(jié)構(gòu)都使用名詞，而如果前面用不定式，則后面也用不定式。如果違反這一規(guī)定，寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子就含有并列結(jié)構(gòu)錯(cuò)誤，即“有問(wèn)題的排比結(jié)構(gòu)”。例如：g.累贅(Redundancy)
Hiscoatwasblackincolor.
---Hiscoatwasblack.
Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.
---Inmyopinion,yourplanisfeasible.
---Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.
2)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤
a．詞性誤用(MisuseofPartsofSpeech)
“詞性誤用”常表現(xiàn)為：介詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用；形容詞當(dāng)副詞用；名詞當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用等．
例１．Nonecannegativetheimportanceofmoney.
剖析：negative為形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。
改為：Nonecandenytheimportanceofmoney.
b．指代不清(AmbiguousReferenceofPronouns)
指代不清主要講的是代詞與被指代的人或物關(guān)系不清，或者先后所用的代詞不一致。試看下面這一句：
Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedhertobeherbridesmaid.
(瑪麗和我姐姐很要好，因?yàn)樗鏊陌槟铩?
讀完上面這一句話，讀者無(wú)法明確地判斷兩位姑娘中誰(shuí)將結(jié)婚，誰(shuí)將當(dāng)伴娘。如果我們把易于引起誤解的代詞的所指對(duì)象加以明確，意思就一目了然了。這個(gè)句子可改為：Marywasfriendlytomysisterbecauseshewantedmysistertobeherbridesmaid.例1.Andwecanalsoknowthesocietybyservingityourself.
剖析：句中人稱(chēng)代詞we和反身代詞yourself指代不一致。改為：
Wecanalsoknowsocietybyservingitourselves.
c.不一致（Disagreements）
所謂不一致不光指主謂不一致，它還包括了數(shù)的不一致時(shí)態(tài)不一致及代詞不一致等。例１．Whenonehavemoney,hecandowhathewantto.
(人一旦有了錢(qián)，他就能想干什么就干什么．)
剖析：one是單數(shù)第三人稱(chēng)，因而本句的have應(yīng)改為has;同理，want應(yīng)改為wants.本句是典型的主謂不一致．
改為：Onceonehasmoney,hecandowhathewants(todo)
d．措詞毛病(TroublesinDiction)
Diction是指在特定的句子中如何適當(dāng)?shù)剡x用詞語(yǔ)的問(wèn)題，囿于教學(xué)時(shí)間緊迫，教師平時(shí)在這方面花的時(shí)間往往極其有限，影響了學(xué)生在寫(xiě)作中沒(méi)有養(yǎng)成良好的推敲，斟酌的習(xí)慣。他們往往隨心所欲，拿來(lái)就用。所以作文中用詞不當(dāng)?shù)腻e(cuò)誤比比皆是。
例１．Theincreasinguseofchemicalobstaclesinagriculturealsomakespollution.(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。)
剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“theincreasinguse(不斷增加的使用)”應(yīng)改為“abusiveuse(濫用)”。
改為：Theabusiveuseofchemicalsubstancesinagriculturealsocauses/leadstopollution.
4、不會(huì)運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞轉(zhuǎn)承上下句和段落
申小龍認(rèn)為英語(yǔ)句子是一種空間結(jié)構(gòu)，即英語(yǔ)句子以動(dòng)詞為核心，運(yùn)用各種連接詞組成關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)板快，前呼后擁，遞相疊加。漢語(yǔ)是時(shí)間型結(jié)構(gòu)，即漢語(yǔ)句子是按句讀邏輯事理鋪排。
關(guān)聯(lián)詞的使用可使上下句和段落合理銜接，承上啟下，使表達(dá)合乎邏輯，同時(shí)使文章結(jié)
構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、緊湊。如：
PeoplelearnEnglishtouseit.Somelearnittostudyorworkabroad.OtherslearnittoreadbooksandmagazinesinEnglishorhavesomethingtodowithEnglishspeakingforeigners.
由于兩個(gè)句子沒(méi)有使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞，便顯得不夠緊湊。如果適當(dāng)關(guān)聯(lián)詞，這兩句可改進(jìn)為：PeoplelearnEnglishforpracticalpurpose.Somelearnittostudyorworkabroad.WhileotherslearnittoreadorcommunicateinEnglish.
常用連接詞
總結(jié)關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)
ingeneral,tosomeextent,inmyview,asforme,asfarasIamconcerned,obviously,inbrief,onthewhole
比較對(duì)比關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)
similarly,onthecontrary,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,otherwise,insharpcontrast,but,however,yet,nevertheless
列舉關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)
asacaseinpoint,suchas,firstofall,tobeginwith,furthermore,besides,inaddition,foronething,foranother
因果關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)
because(of),since,for,owingto,thanksto,asaresultof,consequently,forthereasonthat,therefore,hence
讓步關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)
although,eventhough,inspiteof,despite
強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)
surely,obviously,particularly,indeed,needletosay,mostimportantofall
遞進(jìn)關(guān)系
inaddition,also,moreover,besides，what'smore
時(shí)間順序
immediately,meanwhile,presently,shortly,since,soon,temporarily,while
方式手段
as,asif,theway，by目的關(guān)系
sothat,lest，inorderthat