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大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解 體育專題
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大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解 體育專題一
Sporting activities are essentially forms of hunting behavior. Viewed biologically, the modern foot-baller is in reality a member of a hunting group. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is accurate and he scores a goal, he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers. They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters. Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even their bodies, became greatly changed.
They became chasers, runners, jumpers, aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They cooperated as skillful male-group attackers.
Then about ten thousand years ago, after this immensely long period of hunting their food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence, so vital to their old hunting life, was put to a new use - that of controlling and domesticating their prey. The hunt became suddenly out of date. The food was there on the farms, awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of the hunt were no longer essential for survival.
The skills and thirst for hunting remained, however, and demanded new outlets. Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity. This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. Instead the sportsmen set off to test their skill against preys that were no longer essential to they survival. To be sure, the kill may have been eaten but there were other simpler ways of obtaining a meaty meal.
1. The author uses the example of the football game to tell us ____.
A) sporting activities are forms of biological developments
B) the difference between sports and hunting
C) the reason why man used to go in for hunting
D) sporting activities have actually evolved from hunting
2. In hunting what is equivalent to a goal-mouth in football match is ____.
A) a killing weapon
B) a hunting field
C) a prey
D) a member of a hunting group
3. According to the author, our ancestors survived as hunters for over a million years basically through their ____.
A) common sense
B) cooperation
C) farming knowledge
D) adventures
4. The world "activity"(Line 2, Para.5) refers to ____.
A) sporting activities
B) domesticating wild animals
C) growing crops
D) hunting
5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of this passage?
A) Sporting activities satisfy the desire of modern men to practice hunting skills which the forefathers developed for survival.
B) It is farming that brings human into close contact with nature.
C) Sporting activities are vital to human existence because they excuse humans from risks and uncertainties.
D) It is farming that makes hunting completely out of date and unnecessary.
答案分析： 1. D) sporting activities have actually evolved from hunting對(duì)應(yīng)原文第一句Sporting activities are essentially forms of hunting behavior.
2. C )a prey對(duì)應(yīng)原文學(xué)His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth.
3. B)cooperation對(duì)應(yīng)原文They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters.
4. A)sporting activities. 出現(xiàn)地點(diǎn)：This new activity involved all the original hunting sequences but the aim of the operation was no longer to avoid starvation. 注意前一句Hunting for sport replaced hunting for necessity.
5. A)Sporting activities satisfy the desire of modern men to practice hunting skills which the forefathers developed for survival為本文主旨.
參考譯文： 追根溯源，體育運(yùn)動(dòng)是由狩獵活動(dòng)演變而來(lái)的。從生物學(xué)的角度來(lái)講，現(xiàn)代足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員實(shí)際上就相當(dāng)于獵隊(duì)中的成員，只是捕殺獵物的武器變成了沒(méi)有殺傷力的足球，獵物變成了球門。如果球員射門準(zhǔn)確，進(jìn)球得分，便能享受到獵人成功捕殺獵物那一刻勝利的喜悅。
要理解狩獵活動(dòng)是如何轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轶w育運(yùn)動(dòng)的，我們必須簡(jiǎn)略地回顧一下祖先的生活方式。100多萬(wàn)年以來(lái)，我們的祖先以集體狩獵為生，慢慢繁衍。他們的生死正是取決于獵場(chǎng)上的成敗。在如此大的生存壓力之下，祖先們的整個(gè)生活方式，甚至生理結(jié)構(gòu)都發(fā)生了極大的改變。
他們開(kāi)始追逐、奔跑、跳躍、射擊、投擲和屠宰。男人們組成獵隊(duì)，運(yùn)用獵術(shù)，合作狩獵。
為了食物而狩獵的漫長(zhǎng)歲月過(guò)去之后，大約在1萬(wàn)年以前，祖先們開(kāi)始從事牧業(yè)。對(duì)舊時(shí)狩獵生活至關(guān)重要的智力也得以提高，并派上了新的用場(chǎng)-馴養(yǎng)獵物。一時(shí)間，狩獵變得過(guò)時(shí)了。食物就在農(nóng)場(chǎng)上，隨需隨取。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不定的狩獵對(duì)生存不再是至關(guān)重要了。
但是，狩獵的技能和對(duì)狩獵的渴望仍然保留了下來(lái)，只是需要一些新的方式來(lái)滿足這種渴望。于是現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動(dòng)代替了狩獵活動(dòng)。這種新的活動(dòng)涉及到古代狩獵的所有步驟，只不過(guò)活動(dòng)的目的不再是為了充饑果腹，而是為了校驗(yàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)員們捕殺獵物的技能-這些獵物對(duì)他們的生存也不再必不可少。誠(chéng)然，獵手會(huì)吃掉獵物，但他們有其它更為簡(jiǎn)便的方法獲取美餐。
大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀理解 體育專題二
When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, it’s amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Don’t the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungey lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.
It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of ‘the sporting spirit’ is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.
Why should we ban violent sports if people enjoy them so much? You may well ask. The answer is simple: they are uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally – admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have come about not because human beings have suddenly and unaccountably improved, but because positive steps were taken to change the law. The law is the biggest instrument of social change that we have and it may exert great civilizing influence. If we banned dangerous and violent sports, we would be moving one step further to improving mankind. We would recognize that violence is degrading and unworthy of human beings.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that the author’ s opinion of nowadays’ human beings is______.
A. not very high. B. high. C. contemptuous. D. critical.
2. The main idea of this passage is______.
A. vicious and dangerous sports should be banned by law.
B. people are willing to pay vast sums money to see violence.
C. to compare two different attitudes towards dangerous sports.
D. people are bloodthirsty in sports.
3. That the author mentions the old Romans is ______.
A. To compare the old Romans with today’s people.
B. to give an example.
C. to show human beings in the past know nothing better.
D. to indicate human beings are used to bloodthirsty.
4. How many dangerous sports does the author mention in this passage?
A. Three B. Five C. Six D. Seven.
5. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is ______.
A. that, by banning the violent sports, we human beings can improve our selves.
B. that, by banning the dangerous sports, we can improve the law.
C. that we must take positive steps to improve social welfare system.
D. to show law is the main instrument of social change.
答案解析：1. A. 不太高。文章一開(kāi)始就點(diǎn)出科技巨大進(jìn)步，而其他方面進(jìn)展很少。人們以輕蔑的口氣談及可憐的古羅馬人，因?yàn)樗麄冃蕾p競(jìng)技場(chǎng)上的屠殺。我們輕視他們，因?yàn)樗麄儼堰@些屠殺視為娛樂(lè)。我們可以降階/屈尊地諒解他們，因?yàn)樗麄兩钤?000年前，顯然，對(duì)好的東西不知道。在這里作者反問(wèn)，我們的優(yōu)越感是否正確呢?我們的嗜血性是不是少一些?為什么拳擊比賽吸引那么許多人?在場(chǎng)的觀賞者(觀眾)是不是也希望看到一些暴力呢?結(jié)論是：人類和過(guò)去一樣殘忍。唯一的不同點(diǎn)在于古羅馬人很誠(chéng)實(shí)，他們承認(rèn)他們欣賞觀看饑餓的獅子把人撕碎，活生生吃掉，而我們會(huì)找出各種精辟的理由來(lái)保衛(wèi)早該制止的運(yùn)動(dòng)。第二段舉出具體例子，如斗牛、拳擊中把人打癱在地、車賽中，車子碰撞起火，人們就坐在那里觀看欣賞，參賽者是為了高報(bào)酬，觀眾付出大筆錢財(cái)是為了看到暴力。作者指出任何體育精神的說(shuō)法純粹是虛偽。如果一場(chǎng)打比賽(世界重量級(jí)冠軍賽)，兩輪而不是十五輪就告結(jié)束，成千上百萬(wàn)人們會(huì)感到失望――這些都證明人的卑下，不文明。這兩段似乎也證明作者的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是C項(xiàng)――蔑視的。但在第三段談及，好幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人們一直試圖在精神上和情感上改善自己，又得承認(rèn)不怎么成功�？芍辽傥覀儾辉偃萑摊�?cè)私d于籠中，當(dāng)眾鞭撻，以及其他許多過(guò)去普遍存在的野蠻行徑。監(jiān)獄也不再是過(guò)去那種令人窒息的禁錮之地，社會(huì)福利制度在全世界許多地方推行。在財(cái)富公平分配上也作了很大的努力。這些變化的出現(xiàn)不是因?yàn)槿送蝗桓纳�，而是在改變法律上采取�?積極的步驟。如果我們禁止危險(xiǎn)的暴力體育項(xiàng)目，那么我們?cè)诟纳迫祟惙矫嬗智斑M(jìn)了一步。我們會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)暴力是人類的墮落和卑下(人類不應(yīng)有的)。從這段來(lái)看，作者對(duì)人類還抱有希望，不是很蔑視。所以選A項(xiàng)。
2. A. 法律應(yīng)禁止墮落而又危險(xiǎn)的體育項(xiàng)目。見(jiàn)第一題注釋。作者從古羅馬人欣賞殘忍的體育項(xiàng)目說(shuō)起，點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)代人也是嗜血成性，喜歡暴力體育項(xiàng)目。這是不文明，是墮落。必須制止，而法律是我們社會(huì)改革最強(qiáng)大的工具，它可應(yīng)用，發(fā)揮強(qiáng)大的文明影響(第三段倒數(shù)第三句)
B. 人們?cè)敢庵Ц毒薮罂铐?xiàng)來(lái)觀看暴力。這是作者說(shuō)明“嗜血成性”的具體內(nèi)容之一。
C. 對(duì)比對(duì)危險(xiǎn)體育項(xiàng)目不同的態(tài)度。這里沒(méi)有對(duì)比。D.人類嗜血成性。這是作者認(rèn)為人們?yōu)槭裁葱蕾p危險(xiǎn)殘忍體育項(xiàng)目的根源。
3. D. 人們?cè)隗w育上習(xí)慣于“嗜血成性”，過(guò)去是，現(xiàn)在仍然是，不同點(diǎn)只是前者坦直承認(rèn)，后者婉轉(zhuǎn)掩飾。見(jiàn)第一題注釋。
A. 把古羅馬人和現(xiàn)代人對(duì)比。這項(xiàng)沒(méi)有說(shuō)明對(duì)比什么。B. 給出一個(gè)例子。太抽象。C. 說(shuō)明過(guò)去人類不太知道更美好的東西，這兩項(xiàng)都沒(méi)有到位。
4. B. 5個(gè)。作者提到⑴逗熊游戲;⑵斗牛;⑶車賽;⑷拳擊;⑸人獅斗。至于當(dāng)眾鞭撻和絞刑不能稱作體育活動(dòng)。
5. A. 通過(guò)制止野蠻體育項(xiàng)目，我們能改善人類自身。這在第三段講的最透徹，見(jiàn)第一題和第二題注釋。
B. 通過(guò)制止野蠻體育活動(dòng)，我們能改善法律，不完全對(duì)。作者明確指出要用法律來(lái)禁止野蠻體育項(xiàng)目。C. 我們必須采取積極步驟來(lái)改善社會(huì)福利體制。D. 去表明法律是社會(huì)變革的主要工具。
參考譯文：當(dāng)你想到我們所取得的巨大的技術(shù)進(jìn)步，它是驚人的，我們?cè)谄渌矫娴陌l(fā)展。我們以輕蔑的口氣談及可憐的古羅馬人，因?yàn)樗麄冃蕾p的屠殺競(jìng)技場(chǎng)上。我們輕視他們，因?yàn)樗麄儼堰@些地方娛樂(lè)。我們可以原諒他們因?yàn)樗麄兩钤?000年前，明明知道不好。但我們的感情的優(yōu)越感真的有道理嗎?我們少了血渴了嗎?例如，為什么拳擊比賽會(huì)吸引這樣的普遍的興趣呢?難道那些參加他們的觀眾希望他們會(huì)看到一些暴力嗎?人類永遠(yuǎn)都是嗜血的。我們和羅馬之間唯一的區(qū)別在于，他們坦率地承認(rèn)他們欣賞觀看饑餓的獅子把人除了吃他們活著的時(shí)候，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)各種復(fù)雜的參數(shù)來(lái)捍衛(wèi)體育早該制止的;體育很是野蠻的，說(shuō)，公眾或bearbaiting院子。
真是不可思議，在這個(gè)時(shí)代，我們?nèi)匀粦?yīng)該允許打獵、斗牛，那我們應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)備坐下來(lái)看兩個(gè)人彼此面糊紙漿在拳擊場(chǎng)，我們應(yīng)該相對(duì)沒(méi)有被看見(jiàn)的一個(gè)或多個(gè)賽車起火。讓我們不要欺騙自己。任何關(guān)于“體育精神”的談?wù)摱际羌兇獾奶搨�。人們參加暴力運(yùn)動(dòng)是因?yàn)樗麄兘o他們帶來(lái)了很高的回報(bào)。觀眾愿意支付大筆的錢去看暴力。一個(gè)世界重量級(jí)冠軍賽，例如，是頭版新聞。數(shù)以百萬(wàn)的人失望，如果一個(gè)大的戰(zhàn)斗是在兩輪而不是十五。他們感到失望，因?yàn)樗麄儽粍儕Z了目睹長(zhǎng)期的酷刑和暴力的精致的快樂(lè)。
如果人們?nèi)绱讼矚g他們，我們?yōu)槭裁匆贡┝\(yùn)動(dòng)呢?你可能會(huì)問(wèn)。答案很簡(jiǎn)單：他們是不文明的。幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，人類一直在努力提高自己的精神和情感上--誠(chéng)然，幾乎沒(méi)有成功。但至少我們不再容忍瘋?cè)私d于籠中，或其他許多野蠻的做法在過(guò)去是很常見(jiàn)的鞭撻示眾。監(jiān)獄不再是他們過(guò)去的可怕的地方了。社會(huì)福利制度在世界許多地方都在運(yùn)作。正在作出巨大的努力來(lái)分配財(cái)富公平。這些變化的出現(xiàn)不是因?yàn)槿送蝗桓纳�，但由于采取了積極的步驟來(lái)改變法律。法律是社會(huì)變化最大的儀器我們也產(chǎn)生了重大影響。如果我們禁止危險(xiǎn)和暴力的運(yùn)動(dòng)，我們將進(jìn)一步改善人類。我們會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)到，暴力是有辱人格的，是不值得的。
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