考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫作步驟及要素
考研英語(yǔ)小作文是應(yīng)用文寫作，應(yīng)用文寫作其實(shí)難度不大，只要大家把握了寫作要素和步驟，注意格式一般拿分沒問題。小編為大家精心準(zhǔn)備了考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫作過程和重點(diǎn)，歡迎大家前來(lái)閱讀。
考研英語(yǔ)小作文寫作過程及要點(diǎn)
一、寫作步驟
第一步：找范文
應(yīng)用文考察的書信類型有十幾種，每一種有不同的寫作思路�？忌枰雀鶕�(jù)書信類型，找出至少兩篇優(yōu)秀的范文。
第二步：改范文
大部分考生找到的范文可能來(lái)自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，或市面上的書籍。上面即使沒有錯(cuò)誤，但是容易落入俗套，跟其他考生寫的一樣。因此，要想得高分，還要根據(jù)應(yīng)用文的寫作技巧，對(duì)找到的范文進(jìn)行修改。
第三步：整理思路
改完范文后整理出每一種書信的寫作思路，例如感謝信的寫作思路：第一段自我介紹，說(shuō)明目的;第二段說(shuō)明自己的困難—得到什么幫助—幫助后自己有哪些改善—說(shuō)明幫助的重要性;第三段再一次表示感謝，希望償還好意。整理寫作思路后，無(wú)論遇到什么樣的文章，都可以做到條理清晰，層次分明。
第四步：背誦范文
將改寫完后的范文，以及每一種書信的寫作思路，都背下來(lái)。
二、寫作要素
▶要素一：稱呼
�、僦佬彰篋ear+Mr./Ms./Mrs.+姓氏，
②不知道姓名：Dear Sir or Madam.
�、圯^為親近：Dear +名字，(中國(guó)人用全名)
▶要素二：自我介紹
�、� My name is Li Ming，who is×××.
�、� I am Li Ming，who is ×××.
▶要素三：寫作目的
�、買 am writing the letter in purpose of expressing my 主題名詞 to you for 事件.
翻譯：我寫這封信的目的是要表達(dá)我對(duì)(時(shí)間)的(主題名詞)。
�、赥he purpose of letter that I am writing is to express my 主題名詞 to you for 事件.
翻譯：我寫這封信的目的在于表達(dá)我對(duì)(事件)的(主題名詞)。
▶要素四：信函內(nèi)容
�、僭颍簽槭裁磳懶�，目的何在?
�、诮ㄗh:通過相應(yīng)的建議，體現(xiàn)寫作目的。
▶要素五：表達(dá)感謝
�、賂hank you for your time and consideration.感謝你的時(shí)間和耐心。
�、� My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.對(duì)于你的慷慨幫助，我的感激之情溢于言表。
�、� Words fail me when I want to express my sincere gratitude to you . 我難以用言語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)你真誠(chéng)的感謝。
④ For all you have done for me ，my true gratitude is beyond the word's description.對(duì)你為我所做的一切，我真誠(chéng)的感激溢于言表。
▶要素六：期待回信
①期待盡快回信：I am looking forward to your reply soon.
�、谄诖凉M意答復(fù)：I Look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
�、燮诖龑�(duì)方關(guān)注：Your prompt attention to my letter would be highly appreciated.
▶要素七：落款
�、偃f(wàn)能用法：Yours sincerely，/Sincerely yours，
�、谒饺诵偶築est wishes，/Best regards，/Warmest regards，/You ever，/Yours，/Cordially，
�、塾H密關(guān)系A(chǔ)ffectionately，/Yours Affectionately，/Love，/Lovely，
/Cheers,/Your devoted friend，/Your loving father(mother，son...)
�、芄珓�(wù)信件：Yours faithfully，/Yours truly,/Yours respectfully，/Yours gratefully，/Yours cordially
下面我們重點(diǎn)來(lái)看一下信函類的應(yīng)用文寫作：
信函是交涉事物、增進(jìn)了解、交流思想、聯(lián)絡(luò)感情的重要工具。就文體基本劃分為正式和非正式文體，就種類可劃分為私人、公務(wù)、社交、商務(wù)信件，在考研英語(yǔ)中，我們多以用途來(lái)劃分和備考，即求職信、咨詢信、感謝信、投訴信、建議信、邀請(qǐng)信等。我們以投訴信和感謝信為例，探討寫作方法。
1.投訴信
所謂投訴信是指針對(duì)某件不愉快的事情向責(zé)任人提出的投訴信件，信中多尋求解決方法，寫作要求一般為：
(1)首段開門見山指明所投訴的具體事件。
(2)將問題清晰、簡(jiǎn)潔、公正地描述出來(lái)，指出事件帶來(lái)的諸多不便。
(3)感謝對(duì)方傾聽投訴，同時(shí)清楚地表達(dá)你所想到的解決方法，期待對(duì)方盡早回復(fù)和解決問題。
2.感謝信
所謂感謝信是指因?yàn)槟呈录蚴招湃吮砻鞲屑ぶ�，寫作要求一般為�?/p>
(1)首先表明寫作意圖，開門見山表達(dá)謝意。
(2)說(shuō)明因何事向?qū)Ψ奖硎靖兄x，注意感情真摯。
(3)感謝信一般為非官方，若為官方感謝信注意語(yǔ)言的嚴(yán)肅性。
(4)結(jié)尾再次表達(dá)真摯感激之情。
考研英語(yǔ)二段落排序題解題步驟及方法
段落排序題
段落排序題仍然是今年的備考重點(diǎn)，全部做對(duì)該題目的可能性微乎其微，所以就需要講究方法，在考場(chǎng)上多快好省的確保拿到6～8分。拿分要領(lǐng)為：答對(duì)首段(如果沒有給)和第二段，以及已知段后面的一段，即對(duì)2-3個(gè)，剩下的，不要做了，直接選一個(gè)肯定入選但不確定排哪里的答案。
【解題步驟】
1.閱讀已經(jīng)固定的段落
如果固定段落是首末段，那么通過閱讀首末段就可以得知整個(gè)文章的主旨大意，還要注意將已經(jīng)確定的兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)從卷子上劃去，防止引起不必要的混亂;如果是首段+中間段，那也可以知道大意和文章部分內(nèi)容信息。
但是，如果首段沒有要先選出首段。 2.如何選首段 首段的特點(diǎn)： 1)首句不含有代詞，不含有總結(jié)性、過渡性詞(轉(zhuǎn)折、因果、順延等) 2)一般不含有最高級(jí)、第一或最后意思的詞語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槭锥螞]有比較的對(duì)象。 3.閱讀選項(xiàng)，尤其是首尾句。給段落作初步的位置預(yù)知和組塊 考生做不到一次性排出來(lái)，能排出來(lái)的就排，一時(shí)定不了的，做如下工作： 1)位置預(yù)知：含so, conclude等表示結(jié)束的詞，可能作為尾段。但是也要警惕未必，總之還是要綜合看。
2)組塊：
有些段一看就覺得應(yīng)該一個(gè)前一個(gè)后，比如A段末提到... there are two branches.F段末提到了，the first one is...。那么A和F就屬于明顯的總分關(guān)系，應(yīng)該前后連貫。
例如2010年的E段末出現(xiàn)了
[E]... at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.而A段開頭則是
[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about...
所以明顯的順序是E >A。
3)精確排列各個(gè)段落的'順序，利用其它關(guān)聯(lián)詞進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
【例題】2014年
Directions:
The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
[A] Some archaeological sites have always been easily observable - for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.
[B] In another case, American archaeologists René Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacán in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city's vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copán, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copán collapsed.
[E] To find their sites, archaeologists today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers' stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans's interpretations of these engravings eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knosós), on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two- and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research.
41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.
【解題步驟】
1.精讀首段：
本題沒有給出首段，需要考生先判斷。具體方法要根據(jù)下步每段開頭的關(guān)鍵詞而定。
2.通讀段首尾，模塊組合+位置預(yù)知。
根據(jù)上述的八大方法，找出各個(gè)段落段首/尾的關(guān)聯(lián)詞，具體分布為：
[A] Some archaeological sites
[B] In another case(明顯代詞+名詞)
[C] How.....?
[D] ... in one case
[E] ...find their sites....
[F] most archaeological sites, however
根據(jù)如上的關(guān)鍵詞，考生首先能判斷出來(lái)的是D和B的關(guān)系，根據(jù)代詞應(yīng)該是D>B。根據(jù)題干的矩陣41. → A → 42. → E → 43. → 44. → 45.
D>B肯定不能讓在41或者42，肯定是43，44,45中的兩個(gè)。因此首段的可能性只能是C和G中的一個(gè)。而C句首又是明顯的用特殊疑問句提出問題，符合首段的特點(diǎn)。
D和B的特點(diǎn)是one和another的代詞關(guān)系發(fā)生連貫。類似的連貫詞還有one-the other,其復(fù)數(shù)形式是some - others，同樣some和others會(huì)有些類似的同義詞替換。根據(jù)這個(gè)原理，A和F也是前后關(guān)聯(lián)A>F。因此42選F。
最后三個(gè)空。E的開頭提到了on systematic survey，各種研究調(diào)查。E的段落也提到了Aerial surveys(航空研究，空中研究)而G的開頭則提到了ground survey(地面研究)，正好是總分關(guān)系，所以順序?yàn)镋>G。因?yàn)?3-45是GDB。所以答案為
CFGDB
考研英語(yǔ)答題順序及時(shí)間分配
▶時(shí)間分配
在做題時(shí)間的安排上，我們必須要遵守的一大原則是：時(shí)間分配與題目分值成正比。分值越高的題目，得分的機(jī)會(huì)相應(yīng)也較大，若能留足時(shí)間，認(rèn)真作答，自然更易摘得高分，與其他考生拉開差距。
1.閱讀是重中之重
從上述原則出發(fā)，考研英語(yǔ)的傳統(tǒng)閱讀理解(40分)和作文(30分)共70分，是重中之重，要求我們?yōu)槠淞糇銜r(shí)間。
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，四篇閱讀理解文章，做題時(shí)間在60分鐘到70分鐘之間;建議每篇文章花費(fèi)15分鐘時(shí)間，如果有個(gè)別較難的文章，可以多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間，但是不要超過20分鐘。
2.大小作文需控制在40分鐘以內(nèi)
作文時(shí)間則應(yīng)該嚴(yán)格控制在40分鐘之內(nèi)，小作文15分鐘，大作文25分鐘足矣，其關(guān)鍵是要緊扣題目、層次清晰、思路明確，并輔以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)。
3.完型、翻譯、新題型不宜花費(fèi)太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間
剩下的三類題型，完型填空、翻譯、新題型，各占10分。
從近年的真題走勢(shì)來(lái)看：新題型部分的難度并不是很大，20分鐘足以又快又好地將其完成;翻譯既考察翻譯能力，又考察閱讀技巧，有一定難度，考生普遍不高，建議將時(shí)間控制在20分鐘以內(nèi);完形填空題量大，難度高，分值低，包括填涂答題卡在內(nèi)，頂多花15分鐘。
▶做題順序
考研英語(yǔ)的答題順序要因人而異的，考研er可以根據(jù)自身答題情況來(lái)調(diào)整順序，使自己達(dá)到良好的應(yīng)試狀態(tài)。但根據(jù)上述時(shí)間分配原則，并結(jié)合各類題型的特點(diǎn)，我們依然可以探尋出一條相對(duì)高效的“答題之路”。
1.先寫作文
開考后，建議考生優(yōu)先解答作文、閱讀兩大題型。關(guān)于作文，大部分考生都會(huì)在考前復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)備不同題材的作文模板，趁著剛剛開考，記憶尚且清晰，審題結(jié)束后便可直接套用，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)容易寫得順暢，做下面的題也會(huì)更有信心。
2.再寫閱讀
閱讀則因?yàn)樯婕按罅考?xì)節(jié)的比對(duì)、思考，要求考生在答題時(shí)精力集中，頭腦清醒，也應(yīng)安排在前面解答。
3.完型、翻譯、新題型后置
翻譯和新題型孰先孰后并無(wú)太大影響，考生可自行安排。
完形填空應(yīng)在答題結(jié)束前做，因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)考試時(shí)間往往已是所剩不多，對(duì)于難度高、分值低的完型而言，大概看一看，直接填涂答題卡，或是索性蒙答案，與其他同學(xué)相比得分差距也不會(huì)很大。
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