定語(yǔ)從句中that和what
that可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句.what只能用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,一起來(lái)看看定語(yǔ)從句中that和what的用法。
一.在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),從屬連詞that一般要注意三個(gè)不(three nos):
1.不省略(no ellipsis)
當(dāng)從屬連詞that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí),that不省略。
Eg. 1) That he was able to come made us happy. (That 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句不可省略)
2)The truth is that I didn’t go there. (that引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句不可省略)
3)The news that our team has won is true. (that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句不可省略)
但在非正式文體中that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)可以省略,除下列兩種情況外:
that在賓語(yǔ)從句中不能省略的情況.
(1). 在主+謂+it(形式賓語(yǔ))+賓補(bǔ)+that, 從句(真正賓語(yǔ)) 的句型中不省略
Eg: 4) He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English.(that不可以省略)
他很明確地說他寧愿學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)。
(2). 由連詞and連接的兩個(gè)由that引導(dǎo) 的賓語(yǔ)從句中, 則第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句前的that不省略。
Eg: 5) He told me that he would come and that he would come on time.(第一個(gè)That可以省略,但第二個(gè)that不可以省略。)他告訴我他將來(lái)而且他將準(zhǔn)時(shí)來(lái)。
2.不作成分(no component)
that 在名詞性從句中不作任何句子成分。
Eg. 6)Sydney kept his promise that he would always do anything he could for Lucie to make sure of her happiness.(that在句中引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,但在句中不作任何成分)
7))That you don’t like him is none of my business. (that在句中引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,但在句中不作任何成分,也不省略)
3. 沒詞義(no meaning)
that 在名詞性從句中沒有漢語(yǔ)意思。
Eg. 8)That she is a rich woman is known to us. (that在句中引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,但在句中沒有漢語(yǔ)意義)
她是一個(gè)很有錢的女子,這一點(diǎn)我們都知道。
9)The thought that he might fail in the exam worried him. (that在句中引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句,但在句中沒有漢語(yǔ)意義)
他也許會(huì)考試失敗,這一想法使他很擔(dān)心。
二.在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),What一般要注意一個(gè)不(one no),一個(gè)有(meaning),一個(gè)作(component):
1.不省略
what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),what 在句中不省略。這一用法與that 用法不盡相同。
eg. 10) What I had for breakfast today was rice with egg.(what 在句中引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,what 不省略)
11)----I think it’s going to be a big problem.
----Yes , it could be .
----I wonder what we can do about. (what在句中引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句,但在句中不省略)
2.有詞義
what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),有詞義。一般是“----的.東西/事情/話等”這一用法與that 用法不一樣
eg. 1) This is what she wanted to show us. (what在句中引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句,在句中有詞義,意思是“----的東西、事情)這是她想讓我們看的東西。
12)What the teacher said had a good effect on the children. (what在句中引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,在句中有詞義,意思是“----的東西、事情)老師所說的話對(duì)孩子們有很好的作用。
3.作成分
what 在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí),在從句中充當(dāng)成分。這一用法與that 用法不一樣。
Eg. 13)It doesn’t matter what he said.( it 是形式主語(yǔ),what 在句中引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。What 在主語(yǔ)從句中作said 的賓語(yǔ)。)
14)It was true ______Alice did surprised her mother.
A. that what B. what that C. that that D. all what
評(píng)析:這一題正確答案是A。it在句中是形式主語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的是主語(yǔ)從句that Alice did surprised her mother.,在這個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)中,what 又引導(dǎo)了主語(yǔ)從句what Alice did,what在從句中作did 的賓語(yǔ)。
三.要特別注意兩點(diǎn):
1. What所引導(dǎo)的從句可以在介詞后作賓語(yǔ),而that從句一般不可以。
Eg: 15)After months of voyage ,Columbus arrived in _____later proved to be a new continent.
A. where B. which C. what D. that
評(píng)析:答案是C。因?yàn)樵诮樵~in 后面,應(yīng)該用what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。而that不可以這樣用。
16) On stepping into his room, he was astonished to find the floor covered with _____looked like tiny insects.
A. that B. something C. what D. anything
評(píng)析:答案是C。因?yàn)樵诮樵~with 后面,應(yīng)該用what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,what在賓語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。而that不可以這樣用。
2. that可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,而且是定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞中的頂梁柱,它在定語(yǔ)從句中要充當(dāng)成分,通常作定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。同時(shí)that也可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在名詞性從句中that 不充當(dāng)成分。 但What不可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。它只可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,在句中相當(dāng)于 what =all that ,what 在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)成分,常常作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。
Eg: 17).All _____I want to know is what he meant .
A. that B. which C. what D. whatever
評(píng)析:答案是A.本題是that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。而what不可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。What=all that .又因?yàn)橄刃性~是all ,故其后不可以接which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。而. Whatever=anything that /no matter what 從意義和語(yǔ)法都不符合。所以只能選A,that.
18) ______impressed me most was ______such a little boy could play the violin so well.
A. That ; what B. What ; that C. That ; that D. What ; what
評(píng)析:答案是B.第一空是what 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,并在主語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。第二空是that 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句,that在表語(yǔ)從句中不省略,不作成分,也沒詞義。
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